New France begins formal registration of births, marriages and deaths.
Except marriages a la facon du pays (according to Indian customs)
FRENCH HISTORY 1626-1629
FRENCH INDEX Return to Main French INDEX
The Jesuits suggest the savages need to be subjugated
just like
the Romans subjugated Europe.
1620
Population of Kebec 83 French
(I)-Francois Auber et Aubert d-1688 married to Anne Fauconnier (1622-1676) some
claim she is is English, others she married
Francois October 5, 1644. It's possible the 1622 date is a baptism date or
its a different person. Another option is she is Metis or Savage who was deported
in 1629?? vary confusing.
(II)-Marguerite Anber 1st married 1635 Kebec (I)-Martin
Grovel et Gravel; 2nd marriage 1661 Quebec (I)-Michel Filion (1663-1689) Tanguay
suggests she might be daughter (I)-Claude Aubert (1614-1694)
(II)-Jeanne Anber b-1642 d-1687 Batiscan married 1681
(I)-Jacques Dubois b-1645, three infants burned to dath Montreal 1679
(I)-Jacques Archambault (venu de France avec sa famille) b-1604, died
February 15, 1688, Montreal. married 1629 France, Francoise Toureau, sauvageese, b-1600, died December 9,
1663 Montreal. Some suggest Jacques Archambault married January 24, 1629,
France, Francois Toureau, b-1600 France, died December 1663. Others
suggest he married Francoise Chanveau b-1599 on January 24, 1629 in
France. Others suggest 1st married,
January 24, 1620, France, Francois Toureau (Touraude) daughter Francois Toueaude
and Marthe Noel; 2nd marriage, June 6, 1666, Trois River, Marie Denote.
The children attributed to Jacques and Francoise are
(II)-Anne Archambault b-1621, likely Metis, married Michel 7-29-1647
Montreal but marriage was annulled because Michel had a wife back in France, he
was deported back to France.
(II)-Marie Archambault b-1636 d-1719 Pte aux Trembies married 1648 Kebec Urbain
Tessier b-1624 d-1689 Montreal
(II)-Louise, Archambault b-1640,
(II)-Laurent Archambault b-1642 married 1660 Montreal
Catherine Marchand
(II)-Marie Archambault b-1644 married 1656 Montreal Gilles
Lauzon
It is reported that
Jacques, Francoise and family arrived Quebec 1645. Also see Tanguay for
Francois Toureau. As I see it there are three possibilities, 1. Tanguay
made an error, 2. There are two Jacques Archambault in New France, 3.
Jacques was in New France in 1620 and returned to France then returned to New
France in 1645 and had 3 marriages one a country marriage to a sauvageese in
1620. This may account for one child born 1621 and the next child born
1636. It's possible (I)-Denis Archambault died, August 25, 1651, Montreal,
when a canon exploded, and he might be mixed up in this genealogy?
Why would Tanguay post this under 1620 and say he came with his family, he had
no family at this time? Every time
I look at this it gets more messed up. Some say the Archambault family
arrived New France, 1656, others say August 5, 1645 and others September 23,
1646. My best guess is we are dealing with more than one Jacques
Archambault. The (OMFR) Ontario Metis Family Records identified Francois
Toureau (1559-1663) as aboriginal.
The PRDH and Fischer Original, state the family all came from De Lardillière À Dompierre-Sur-Mer, Aunis, France, and Notary Adhemar reports their birth place as France, also.
SHARLENE BELL-HAUSSMANN says:
The first child I have is Jacques born c1629, (no other mention of him, so may have died in France) then Denis born 1630 then Anne I. the last child, of nine, is Marie II born 1644 in France.
Anne Archambault I - Born 1631 France.
ADHÉMAR -- Fiche biographique
Archambault I, Anne
Informations générales
Sexe féminin
Naissance 1631/01/01 (Dompierre-sur-Mer, Lardillière)
Décès 1699/07/29 (Montréal)
Parents Archambault, Jacques ; Tourault, Françoise
Occupation(s) Connue(s)
Occupation Début Fin Groupe professionnel du chef de famille
inconnue 1678/07/16 1699/07/28 administration civile
Conjoints
Conjoint Début de l'union Fin de l'union
Chauvin dit Sainte-Suzanne, Michel 1647/07/29 1650/09/30
Gervaise, Jean 1654/02/03 1690/03/11
Laurent Archambault
(my gr+ grandfather, wish he were metis, but everything I have found, says he wasn't. Tanquay has made numerous mistakes in his research.)
ADHÉMAR -- Fiche biographique
Archambault, Laurent
Informations générales
Sexe masculin
Naissance 1642/01/10 (Dompierre-sur-Mer, Lardillière)
Décès 1730/04/19 (Pointe-aux-Trembles)
Parents Archambault, Jacques ; Tourault, Françoise
Occupation(s) Connue(s)
Occupation Début Fin Groupe professionnel du chef de famille
cultivateur et charpentier 1672/03/03 1693/03/24 agriculture-grande
Conjoints
Conjoint Début de l'union Fin de l'union
Marchand, Catherine 1660/01/07 1713/02/24
Marie Archambault I
(my gr+grandmother)
ADHÉMAR -- Fiche biographique
Archambault I, Marie
Informations générales
Sexe féminin
Naissance 1636/02/24 (Dompierre-sur-Mer)
Décès 1719/08/16 (Pointe-aux-Trembles)
Parents Archambault, Jacques ; Tourault, Françoise
Occupation(s) Connue(s)
Occupation Début Fin Groupe professionnel du chef de famille
inconnue 1668/04/26 1702/01/21 agriculture-grande
Conjoints
Conjoint Début de l'union Fin de l'union
Tessier dit Lavigne, UrbainI_ 1648/09/28 1689/03/20
(I)-Samuel Argall (1580-1626) commands a ship in an attack on Algiers, New
Orleans, he had previously attacked settlements in Acadia.
Jeanne Aunois (Auneau) Indian/Metis born New France married likely Trois Rivers (I)-Pierre Michel
Lefebvre, (1616-1697). Some suggest baptism document says savage.
Others suggest she was not.
(I)-Adrien du Chesne (Duchene), a surgeon, from Dieppe arrived Kebec this year. He remained in Kebec with his wife Indian/Metis during the English occupation.
Pierre Antoine Pastedechouan a young Montagnais is taken to France for an education in French, Latin and is baptized.
(I)-Abraham
Martin dit l'Ecossais, (1589-1664) the father of the bride, (II)-Marguerite
Martin, Metis (1624-1679) was one of the earliest colonists of the country.
Having arrived before 1610, with his wife, he practiced the trade of royal
pilot. His presence in New France, during the occupation by the Kirke brothers,
between 1629 and 1632, is not unanimous with historians. Some, following
Benjamin Sulte, affirm it strongly. Archange Godbout doubts it. Marcel Trudel
and Rene Jette are of the opinion that, he and his family returned to France,
which seems to be the case if we believe the observations held by Father Le
Jeune, in 1632. (II)-Eustache Martin, Metis, b-1621 the eldest son of Abraham
and his sister, Marguerite, were baptized respectively in 1621 and 1623, were
the second and third children of White men born at Quebec, the first having been
their cousin Helene Desportes, born in 1620, to the marriage of Pierre Desportes
and Francoise Langlois. See 1609 - 1610 & 1624. Rene
Corneliussen suggests (I)-Abraham's wife was Marguerite Catherine Langlois
b-1592 France daughter Guillaume Jean Langlois de St Leonard des Parcs b-1566
and Jeanne Millet b-1580 Normandie. Others suggest Abraham had a Huron
Wendat mate.
(II)-Joseph Martin b-1609 a Matchonon (Huron) savage might be
a possible Metis son (I)-Abraham
(II)-Anne Martin b-1614 no location known
(II)-Eustache Martin b-1621 Kebec
(II)-Marguerite Martin b-1624 Kebec
(II)-Helene Martin b-1627 Kebec
Guers a commission agent of the Duke Montmorency is in Kebec.
The Recollets brewed the first beer in New France this year.
Kebec, baptism (II)-Guillaume Hebert, Metis (1604-1639) son (I)-Louis Hebert, Metis (1575-1727) and (I)-Marie Rollet d-1649; married October 1, 1634, Kebec, Helene Desportes .
(I)-Oliver Tardif dit LeTardif, b-1601, died January 28, 1665, Chateau Richer was in the employ of Samuel de Champlain as interpreter to the Huron Nation. Tardif joined forces with Roch Manitouabewich of the Huron Nation as a guide, scout and traveling companion. Roch and his Huron wife later had a child who they named Marie Oliver Sylvestre, b-1626 in honor of Tardif. Tardif adopted the girl so she could receive a Christian education and at 10 years of age, in 1636 was placed with the family of (I)-Guillaume Hubou, d-1653, and Marie Rollet,d-1649, epouse (I)-Louis Herbert.
(I)-Noel Morin aka Morini (1609-1679) (Morini means brown of skin) arrived Kebec 1619 or 1620, married December 27, 1639, Quebec (II)-Helene Desportes (1620-1675) daughter (I)-Pierre Desportes and Francois Langlois.
The basic problem in education of the savages so they could be converted to Christianitywas they had deeply entrenched beliefs of freedom, ecalitarianism (doctrine of the equality of mankind) and government by consensus which was at odds with European civilization Principles and Values. The Recollets made a decision to focus on the children so a school was established in Kebec for Savage boys and some were sent to France for an education. The returning boys from France rejected their French names, their baptism and reverted to their savage ways. This failure likely changed their focus from boys to girls with the binding force of marriage to Frenchmen. This system was abandoned in a few years as a failure.
Most Frenchmen who took Indian wives, this century in New France, did so a la facon du pays (according to Indian customs), regardless of French marriage laws and customs. Unfortunately most were not recorded or their Metis offspring.
The pirates dominated the coast of New France from 1612 to 1620, having stole 40,800 L and 1,080 fur traders and fishermen who were sold into slavery. This is astonishing considering Kebec only has 60-67 colonists at this time. The Hurons are supplying 50-60% of the French furs, and their other major industry for trade is agriculture.
John Nutt of England with his wife and family lived at Torby, Newfoundland. He captured a French fishing boat and became a pirate 1620 to 1623 and then captured two more French ships.
Port La Tour, Acadia, birth Andre Lasner, Metis son Louis Lasnier of Dieppe and Indian woman. Some believe this is the first recorded Metis birth in North America. Highly unlikely.
(II)-Anne Herbert, died Kebec, 1620, daughter, (I)-Louis Herbert, born 1575, died January 25, 1627, and (I)-Marie Rollet (d-1649); was married to (I)-Etienne Jonquit.
There is only sixty-seven official colonists, including women and children, in Fort Kebec (Quebec) at this time. Included are four French Recollects that are an offshoot of the Franciscan. The Franciscan or Minoritie are an old order, being established in 1223. The Franciscans are not popular with the Curia, as they demanded absolute poverty to awaken popular piety and scientific works. The Franciscan established themselves at St. Charles River. These first priests are Father's Joseph Le Caron (1586-1632), Jean D'Olbeau, Dennis Jamey and Pacifique du Plessis. Father Jean D'Olbeau said the first mass in New France, then removed himself to the Tadoussac Trading Post. Carbon attached himself to the Wendat Nation. This would imply that 15 colonists either died, returned to France or are in the country as free traders?
Kabec begins to fortify their fort.
The free fur traders established a trading post called Palace Royal at Hochelaga (Ville-Marie Montreal). The Catholic Priests would later consider these free traders as having the instincts and morals of pirates. They would call them Coureurs des Bois. The priests would come to believe that free thinking and free trading pose a considerable threat to the fur trade and religious monopoly. Their thinking is consistent with the rising French philosophy of absolutism; one King, one Religion. Because of this absolutism belief, the Church historians largely ignore the contribution of the early Coureurs des Bois in opening up the continent. Unfortunately, they had to glorify some lesser men or claim the glory for themselves. Meanwhile, the Wendat (Huron) are building upon their farming and trading empire and are the major merchant center in New France. They would supply New France with beans and corn. Later tobacco would become a major trade item.
Few European women survived in New England, and the Company of Virginia undertook the recruitment of young and uncorrupted maids for Jamestown. The population of Jamestown, Virginia drops from 1,000 to 866 due to death or abandonment. The English Puritans who seceded from the Church of England exiled in the Netherlands, obtained patent for a settlement near the Hudson River in Southern Virginia. The Mayflower arrived on November 9, 1620 at Cape Cod (Provincetown) harbor. This location is outside Virginia, making their patent useless, so they claimed their own liberty, as none had the power to command them. They established a civil body politic, claiming submission and obedience to just and equal laws. They relocated to Plymouth on December 16 and, by spring, 52 of the 102 died. The Wampanoag Indians showed them how to plant and cultivate corn. They eventually would trade corn for beaver pelts.
(I)-Jean Nicolet de Belleborne (1598-1642) lived among the Algonquians of Allumette Island on the Ottawa River and Nipissing until 1620-1621. He spent the next 8-9 years(1622-1630/31) with the Algonquin Nipissiriniens at Lake Nipissing.. The French called the Nipissings the Nation des Sorciers. He traveled Green Bay and the Fox and Illinois Rivers. He had his own cabin which likely suggests he had a family. He married likely about 1622-1630) a Nipissing woman b-1610 and had a daughter Madeleine Euphrosine Nicolet. Metis, born 1623-1631) and a 2nd marriage October 7, 1737, Kebec, (II)-Marguerite Couillard, Metis, b-1626
Father Joseph de la Roche, a Recollect, became a missionary to Kebec.
The Company of de Caen is created led by the De Caens, Guillaume Robin, Jacques de Troyes and Francois Herve, merchants; Francois de Troyes, chief of Royal Finances at Orleans, Claude le Ragois, receiver general of finance at Limoges; Pierre de Verton, counselor secretary of the King and others.
The first fort to occupy the top of the cliff at Quebec City was the one (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) constructed in 1620. It consisted of a few wooden buildings surrounded by a palisade.
New France begins formal registration of births, marriages and deaths at Kebec. Country marriages are not acknowledged.
The Recollets built a convent and chapel in 1620-1621 on St. Charles River, about one half a French league from Fort Kebec. They named it Notre Dame des Anges (on the site of the future General Hospital).
February 25: (I)-Henri II, Duc de Montmorency (1595-1632), is appointed Viceroy of New France, and (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) is confirmed as his lieutenant. He began construction of Fort Saint Louis on the cliff at Fort Kebec (Quebec). Henri II, Duc de Montmorency (1595-1632), Grand Admiral of France, had bought Prince de Conde's interests, and he established Compagne de Montmorency for la Nouvelle France that gave a trade monopoly to Guillaume William de Caen, a merchant, and Calvinist and his cousin Emary, a naval Captain. He had an eleven-year trade monopoly that required he established six Recollects at Kebec and settle six French families per year. He is told to not annoy the Fathers or any of the Orthodox Christians. The Company of De Caen included Guillaume Robin, Jacques De Troyes, Francois Herve, Francois De Troyes, Claude Le Ragois, Pierre De Verton and others.
May 8: (I)-Helene Boulle born 1598 and married 1610 to (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) arrived at Kebec with her husband and four women servants.
June 3: The Recollets laid the cornerstone of the first stone church and convent in Kebec, Notre Dame des Anges on the St. Charles river, about 1/2 league from Fort of Kebec.
July 20, (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), an employee of The Company of De Caen, arrived in Kebec and began construction of Fort Saint Louis on Cap aux Diamants, on the cliff at Kebec.
August 30: family arrived Quebec, (I)-Abraham Martin, dit I'ecossois
(1589-1664) a Scotsman, with 2nd wife Marguerite Langlois b-1611 he married this year
in France, (not likely see 1609 - 1610 & 1624) her sister (I)-Francoise Langlois b-1600 who married December 31,
1620, France, (I)-Pierre Desportes,
b-1600 and
daughter (II)-Anne Martin. It is noteworthy that the Plains of Abraham is named
after Martin. (I)- Pierre Desportes, b-1600 married December 31, 1620,
France (I)- Francoise Langlois (1599-1629). This appears highly unlikely as
Francoise was already in Kebec. Others suggest Martin & Desportes
arrived Kebec in 1619 or 1620. Some suggest both families stayed in Kebec
during the English occupation, while others say they were deported. It is noteworthy that (II)-Helene Desportes
(1620-1675) daughter (I)-Pierre Desportes and (I)-Francois Langlois arrived this
date, this
year so it not likely they were married in December this year in France.
This conflicting information could suggest Francois might be Indian or
Metis?? Some suggest Tanguay made an error and (II)-Helene Desportes
was b-1601?
August 30: Kebec (II)-Anne Martin (1614-1684) arrived with father (I)-Abraham
Martin, a Frenchman and stepmother Marguerite Langlois, a shipmate aboard the Le
Sallemande. Her biological mother was Guillemette Couillard. Anne married
1636 Kebec, Jean Cote d-1661, who arrived Kebec July 20, 1635.
November 8: Henri, Duc de Montmorency (1595-1632), Viceroy of New France, bought the Prince de Conde's commercial interests and established the Compagnie de Montmorency pour la Nouvelle France which gave a monopoly to Guillaume de Caen and his cousin Emery.
December: Gape Cod, the colonists discovered a corpse with blond hair and assumed he was from a French shipwreck a few years earlier.
1621
Population of Kebec 85 French + 1 marriage + 1 birth
George Baltimore established a colony in Placentia Bay (Avalon), Newfoundland but was abandon in 1629.
(I)-Robert Giffard (1587-1658), a physician arrived and stayed Kebec until 1627 and had his own cabin in the woods. Others say he was in Kebec (1627-1629). see 1628 re, attempt to marry Indian girl.
(I)-Jacques Alard, Halard et Allard dit Labarre arrived Kebec this year.
(II)-Anne Archambault, Metis b-1621, died July 30, 1699 Montreal, daughter (I)-Jacques Archambault (1604-1688), and Francloise Toureau, sauvageese, (1600-1663); married February 3, 1654, Jean Gervaise. Not listed as a family in 1629 in Kebec.
(I)-Rounier arried Kebec from Duponf
(I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1633) is in Georgian Bay this year.
(I)-Emery de Caen arrived Kebec this year and visited Kebec every year. He was provisional governor during Champlain absence and (1632-1633)
(I)-Jacques Alard Halard et Allard dit Labarre arrived Quebec 1621 and is at Tadoussac in 1624.
(II)-Radegonde Joy Lambert b-1621/1629 (Metis). d-1686, daughter (I)-Jean Antoine Lambert and Marie Radegonde Kagijonais a MicMac; married about 1642 Port Royal to Jean Blanchard b-1611
(I)-Greffler Nicolas is at Kebec this year
(I)-Pierre Roy is living Kebec this year.
The mission Quebec de la Province de Quebec is established this year.
The Parish registers of New France contain about 300,000 entries describing all Catholic baptisms, weddings and funerals from 1621 to 1760 with very few missing records. The main reason was to guard against bigamy and consanguineous marriages. All French Canadians can trace their ancestors to some 10,000 French settlers. Only 27,000 Frenchmen came to Canada but 2/3rds returned to France, leaving no recorded descendents. The British, in the same period, would send over one million to America. Unfortunately, many of the mixed blood children would go unreported.
(I)-Abraham Martin's wife Marguerite Langlois, Metis, b-1611 (not likely see 1609 - 1610 & 1624) had the first (5th known) European child born in New France named (II)-Eustache Martin. The first known children were born 1610, 1611, 1619 and 1621 Kebec. The Metis children born New France are not considered European. This, of course, excludes the Viking, Basque, Spanish, Chinese and other previously born aliens, to say nothing of the mixed blood children. The Europeans, as a culture, is driven by a masochistic fetish to be recognized as the first to see or do in hopes of being recorded in history. This cultural inferiority complex appears very deeply rooted.
Jamestown, Virginia population stands at 843, down 23 from last year, even given the the influx of 1051 settlers this year. It is interesting to note that England began to diversify the Virginia economy by purchasing vines and olive trees from France for the colonies. France had no such self-sufficient policies for her colonies.
January 3: Henri, Duc de Montmorency (1595-1632), Viceroy of New France, named Guillaume de Caen, General of the Fleet of the new company known as the Compagnie de Caen. The company gained an 11 year monopoly of trade in the St. Lawrence River valley. The had to maintain six Recollet priests at Kebec, settle six families per year and not trade in arms with the savages.
June 3: The Dutch West India Company is created this year, as successor to the United New Netherlands Company chartered in October 11, 1614, and is trading guns to the Iroquois.
August 16: (I)-Oliver Le Tardif (1601-1665) signed a petition in Kebec to settle company disputes by Royal authority.
August 26: Kebec, marriage (II)-Guillemette Hebert, Metis b-1608, died October 20, 1684, Quebec, daughter (I)-Louis Hebert (1575-1727) and (I)-Marie Rollet d-1649; married August 26, 1621, Kebec, Guillaume Couillard (see 1602)
August 26: Kebec, marriage (I)-Guillaume Couillard Lespinacy (1591-1663) who some say preceded the Herbert's to Kebec. married (II)-Marie Guillaumette Herbert, Metis, (1608-1684), daughter of (I)-Louis Herbert, born 1575 died January 25, 1627 and (I)-Marie Rollet (d-1649) (some suggest she died May 27, 1619). It is believed Couillard is the second recorded marriage in Kebec. (see 1602)
TEN CHILDREN ARE RECORDED
(II)-Louise Couillard Metis (1625-1641), Kebec, married 1637 Kebec
(I)-Oliver LeTardif (Tardif) (1625-1641)
(II)-Marguerite Couillard, Metis (1626-1705), Kebec 1st married 1637 Kebec
(I)-Jean Nicolet b-1642 , 2nd marriage 1646 Kebec (I)-Nicolas Macard d-1659
(II)-Louis Couillard, Metis b-1629, Kebec married 1653 (II)-Genevieve
Despres d-1706
(II)-Elizabeth Couillard, Metis b-1631, Kebec, died 1704 Chateau Richer married
1645 Kebec (II)-Jean Guyon b-1620 d-1694. (II)-Elizabeth Couillard was
baptized by the English under the Kirk Brothers likely 1631 although P. Lejeune
says the mass, in 1632 in the Couillard home.
(II)-Marie Couillard, Metis b-1633, Kebec 1st married 1648 Kebec (I)-Francois
Bissot (1613-1678), 2nd married 1675 (I)-Jacques De Lalande b-1648
(II)-Guillaume Couillard, Metis b-1635, Kebec
(II)-Madeleine Couillard, Metis b-1639, Kebec
(II)-Nicolas Couillard, Metis (1641-1661), Kebec
(II)-Charles Couillard Metis b-1647 Kebec d-1715 a St Etienne de Beaumont, 1st
married 1668 Quebec (II)-Marie Pasquier de Franclieu d-1685, 2nd marriage 1688
(II)-Louise Couture
(II)-Gertrude Couillard, Metis (1648-1664), Beaumont married 1664 Beaumont
(I)-Charles Aubert (1630-1702)
September 10: King James I of Great Britain ignored the French Acadian claims and granted Acadia ( Nova Scotia), New Brunswick and Cape Gaspe to the St. Croix River in fact all of Canada to (I)-William Alexander (1577/80-1640); a Scott. Alexander had convinced the King that he needed a New Scotlande comparable to New France, New Holland and New England. (I)-Alexander was made Lord Proprietor of the new territory, Acadia, to be called Nova Scotia. Alexander was to setup a colony called New Scotlande. (I)-Alexander however was unable to establish a settlement in the next six years. The term New Scotlande in Latin reads Nova Scotia.
October 24: Kebec, birth (II)-Eustache Martin, Metis, b-1621, Kebec, son of (I)-Abraham Martin dit L'Ecossais, b-1589, died September 8, 1664, Quebec and possibly a Matchonon (Huron) Savage and or Marguerite Langlois, Metis b-1611; See 1609 - 1610 & 1624.
1622
Population of Kebec 69 French + 16 Huron
(I)-Le Baillif, a native of Amiens, France arrived Tadoussuc. (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) claimed he was a vicious man.
(I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1632) and Grenolle met with the Ojibwa at Sault Ste Marie.
Guillaume Poulin, the Recollect, reached the Nipissing and encountered the Iroquois, suffering torture at their hands.
The Virginia Company allowed any Englishman who agreed to take 250 people to Virginia at his own expense, to choose a tract of land in the colony, of 1,250 acres or more. He would be given the powers of local self-government. Unfortunately, they didn't negotiate the land acquisition with the inhabiting Indians. Powhatan, the brother of Pocahontas, died, and his brother, Opechancanough, resented the steady encroachment of the English on their cornfields. The Indians attacked the English, killing 347 colonists in Virginia.
A settlement is begun at Piscataquia (Kittery Point, Maine) and Monhegan Island, Maine.
March 20: Louis XIII merged the Compagne de Montmorency and the older Compagne des Matchands de Rouen and de Saint Malo, under the direction of the William de Caens- a Calvinist.
June: (I)-William Alexander (1577/80-1640) sent colonists from Scotland to Acadia ( Nova Scotia), but they wintered at St. John's, Newfoundland.
1623
Population of Kebec 36 French + 16 Huron
(I)-Etienne Brule an intermediary for the Hurons and French since 1611 came to Kebec with Desmaris. Etienne was given over to the English, he was killed and eaten by the Hurons.
(I)-Jean Le Cocq was killed by a block at Kebec.
(I)-Louis Hebert (1575-1627) is granted more land at Kebec. He was granted 10 acres in 1616.
(II)-Charles (Turgis) de Saint Etienne La Tour (1595-1665) 1st married a Micmac Indian Woman and they had 3 Metis daughters and one Metis
son. One daughter Antoinette became an Ursuline nun. He had a second marriage to Francois Jacquelin to improve his
standing in France she was more of a business partner. He was likely a bigamist. He
also had a third marriage
(III)-Jeanne de Saint Etienne de la Tour Metis married 1655
at Pemtagouet, d'Apprendestiguy de Martignon
(I)-Jean Le Cocq, died 1623 Kebec.
(I)-Oliver Le Tardif (1601-1665) is serving as an interpreter, that he was proficient in the Montagnais, Algonkin, and Huron dialects.
A road was completed to the upper town of Kebec.
A delegation of western savages arrived in Kebec to trade, and they complained that the Huron and some Algonkin had held them up and robbed them of much of their cargo, as they were being bypassed in trade.
Father (I)-Nicolas Viel, d-1625, a Recollet, and lay brother (I)-Gabriel Sagard Theodat d-1636, visited the Huron (Wendat). Friar (I)-Gabriel Sagard Theodat d-1636, a Recollet considered the savages quite kind, more so than many civilized people, but he condemned their religious ignorance and stressed the need for them to learn to live like Frenchmen. The missionaries found the savages going about naked most disconcerting. Trial marriage also disturbed them, but the Huron could not understand why these French are so coy when other Frenchmen previously encountered had not rejected the advances of the young unmarried girls. Friar (I)-Gabrial Sagard noted that several French men are in the interior; one 100 leagues north of the lakes, with the Neutrals and Tobacco nations. This is likely a second hand story, as the Neutrals and Tobacco Nations are south of the lakes.
Gabriel Sagard, was astonished by what he saw: "
The boys and young men of Canada and those particularly
from the land of the Huron, have always had the capability of turning to
evil as soon as they could, and the young women to prostitution as soon as
they were able to; even mothers and fathers often act as pimps to their
own daughters. One can attribute this partly to their nudity. and partly
to the lack of spices and wine, and another part to their use of tobacco,
the smoke of which stupefies them and goes straight to the brain." Friar Gabriel Theodat Sagard, a Recollet complained bitterly of the hardships endured by
traveling and living with the savages when they established a mission at
Quienonascaran.
Fort Nassau (Gloucester, New Jersey) is established this year.
Fort Orange is established on the Hudson River, New York.
(I)-William Alexander (1577/80-1640) and his settlers arrived Cape Sable but
found the region in full possession by the French so he returned to England.
Since I came out of the ship, I never ate anything but peas, and loblollie (that is water gruel) as for deer or venison I never saw any since I came into this land, there is indeed some fowl, but we are not allowed to go, and get it, but must work hard both early, and later for a mess of water gruel, and a mouthful of bread, and beef, a mouthful of bread for a penny loaf must serve for 4 men....--Richard Frethorne, 1623
February 4: Henri II, Due de Montmorency (1595-1632), Grand
Admiral of France, began the feudal land system in Canada by granting the
fief of Sault au Matelot to (I)-Louis Herbert (1575-1627). This grant
is based on an assumption that all lands discovered belong to the King.
Originally, most people believed God owned all the lands and men were only the
caretakers. When ancient
Middle East peoples invented the belief that Kings are gods, a natural
conclusion is a belief that the King owned the land.
April 7: George Calvert (1580-1632) obtained a Royal Charter for the Province
of Avalon, Newfoundland, which he acquired from William Vaughn.
June 28: (I)-Gabriel Theodat Sagard a Recollet frier, d-1636 arrived this
date Kebec. He would return to France in 1625 to write a history of New
France. He was possessed with Demonic possessions and of diabolical
apparitions. He had an undeniable credulousness. It was his testimony
that destroyed (I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1633) reputation with (I)-Samuel de Champlain
(1567-1635). It's possible he also poisoned the Huron mind against Brule
and the belief he was killed because of immorality with the Indian
women..
1624
Population of Kebec 47 French + 10 Huron + 1 birth
(I)-Pilote Gascoin arrived Kabec this year.
(I)-Jacques Alard Halard et Allard dit Labarre arrived Quebec 1621 and is at
Tadoussac in 1624.
(I)-Acadia, marriage Charles de LaTour to a Louise Sauvagesse,
d-1704. Charles married a native woman of the
First Nations in 1624 and he had a daughter, (II)-Jeanne de LaTour, Metis born in 1625, who married
c. 1655 Martin de Martignon d'Apprendisteguy, a Basque who raised his Metis family in
La Rochelle, France. Charles had previously had other children including a son
by another Indian woman who was named (II)-Stephen La Tour, Metis.
It's highly likely Martins Metis children returned to New France maybe under the
sir name Martin as Basques were not appreciated in New France. (See
1642 Pierre Martin, very interesting?) Some believe Charles had 3 or more
marriages.
(I)-Nicolas Pivert and wife Marguerite Lesage, d-November 20, 1643 Kebec are
living Kebec at this time.
(I)-Samuel de Champlain
(1567-1635), lieutenant of the Compagnie de Chaen, laid the cornerstone for a new
stone Habitation at Kebec on the site of the original one. Only Father (I)-Le
Caron, (1586-1632) Recollet, remained at the mission Quienonascaran, Huronia to service 30,000
Savages. The Recollet Gabriel Sagard, d-1636 began his campaign to discredit
(I)-Etienne Brue (Brule) (1592-1632) because of his loose morals with his
Country wife a Huron with whom he fathered a number of Metis children.
Sagard also claimed Brule was working with the free trading fur merchants. The Recollet had established six missions in New France:
Tadoussac, Kebec, Trois Rivieres, Carhagouha in Huron Country, and one among the Nipissing.
Another location is Acadia on St. John River being established in 1619 and
closed 1624. The Recollet by their charter were forbidden to own property.
Trois Rivieres was a major historic trading center and was occupied by the
French free traders during the English occupation. The Iroquois came to trade and make peace with the Huron and Algonkin.
Champlain agreed to mediate and could have achieved a lasting peace. The
Company Directors, however were horrified, as peace would allow the savages to
divert some of the trade to the Dutch. This all or nothing philosophy,
derived from One God, One King, One Church principle, is the foundation of
war. The French failed to understand that the Indians had practiced free
trade for generations. The Indians also practiced the freedom of religion. The French would instigate measures to ensure
that peace was not
achieved.
A peace treaty is established between the French, Algonquins, Wendat (Huron)
and the Iroquois.
Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis duc de Richelieu, (1585-1642), at age 39 years, became
Chief Minister to the French Crown until 1642. He, in effect controlled
France and, therefore, became the absolute
master of New France. He imposed a New France monopoly on all commerce
and proclaimed equal rights to all baptized Natives. Church and State
would later repeal this order. He basically imposed absolutism on
New France. Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis duc de Richelieu,
(1585-1642), believed that the colonies exist to enrich the
mother country by exporting raw materials and by importing finished manufactured
products. This philosophy, with slight modifications, became entrenched
into Canadian culture and survives, especially in the Liberal Party, into the
twenty first century.
Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis duc de Richelieu, (1585-1642), began recruiting a hundred French-Roman
Catholic men of wealth and affluence to make a covenant with the King for
control of New France. (VIII)-Francis Xavier Garneau, however, would
later write that Cardinal Richelieu committed a 'great mistake' when he
consented to exclude the Protestants from New France. Xavier fully
understood the implications of not giving equal rights to Protestants or
non-baptized persons. The Roman Catholic Church contributed to the
creation of a cast system in Canada that would remain into current times.
As a result many mixed marriages and Metis offspring were not recognized.
The Company of New France was personally controlled and managed by Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis duc de Richelieu,
(1585-1642). The Company was given authority over America from Florida to
the Artic Circle, from New Found Land to Lake Huron. Only Roman Catholics
were allowed to join and no Huguenot or foreigner is allowed into New
France. Gabriel Sagard, the Recollet, denounced (I)- Etienne Brule (1591-1633), claiming
he was working for the fur merchants who were opponents of Compagnie de Chaen.
This is likely a false allegation because Brule had a country wife and fathered
a number of Metis children and the Recollet considered this an immoral act,
Demonic possession.
The Dutch West India Company established Fort Orange (Albany).
Robert Gorges established a colony at Agamenticus (York, Maine).
Helen Boulle departed Tadoussac for France
--Journals of the Virginia House of Burgesses, 1624, on life in Virginia during the Starving Times January
4: Kebec, baptism, (II)-Marguerite Martin, the daughter of (I)-Abraham Martin dit
L'ecossais (1589-1664) and Marguerite Langlois, (Metis or savage), b-1611, was
baptized at Quebec, on January 4, 1624 and displayed the freshness of her
thirteen years against the mature thirties that her suitor had already
accumulated. The young girl was assisted by her godfather and godmother, Nicolas
Pivert and Marguerite Lesage and Guillaume Hebert . What probably appeared to her
as a fortune was the 200 livres promised from her groom to her, plus a dowry of
50 livres. The couple benefited also from the 100 livres in silver which Abraham
Martin gave Etienne after the wedding, plus utensils and clothes valued at 64
livres. The godfather and godmother, who had no children, also gave a gift of
100 livres, in silver, several articles of clothing and utensils appraised at
260 livres, for a total value of 524 livres. Also noted was the presence of
Guillaume Hebert, Olivier Tardif/LeTardif, general clerk and Adrien Duchesne,
the first surgeon of Quebec. Also see 1609 - 1610 January
4: (II)-Marguerite Martin, Metis, born January 4, 1624, Kebec, died November 25,
1679, Chateau Richer, daughter (I)-Abraham Martin dit L'ecossais, (1589-1664)
and savage and or Marguerite Langlois, Metis, b-1611?); married May 22, 1638, Kebec, (I)-Etienne Racine
(1607-1689). Thierry Des Dames is godfather of (II)-Marguerite Martin, a
girl of (I)-Abraham Martin, in 1624, Kebec . Marguerite Lesage, wife
of (I)-Nicolas Pivert is godmother to (II)-Marguerite Martin.
August 15: (I)-Samuel de Champlain
(1567-1635), lieutenant of the Compagnie de Chaen, departed Kebec, arriving at Dieppe, France
on October 1.
October 18: King James I created the order of Knights Baronet of
Acadia ( Nova Scotia). Any man could become a Baronet of Acadia ( Nova Scotia)
if he lived on his
grant of land or paid £150.
September: One of the Compagnie de Caen's vessels, on its way to New France, is captured
by the
Turks, and the Frenchmen are carried away as slaves.
1625
Population of Kebec 59 French + 1 birth (I)-Marin Boucher (1589-1671) arrived Kebec 1619 [see 1619] Some contend (I)-Etienne Brule (1592-1632) was in the Detroit area
1625/1626.
(II)-Louise Couillard, Metis, b-1625 Kebec, daughter (I)-Guillaume Concillard and
(II)-Guillemette Hebert, Metis, b-1606. (see 1602)
Jean Juchereau d-1661, Quebec, married 1625, (I)-Marie Langlois, died
January 15, 1661, Quebec. Acadia, marriage (II)-Charles De Saint Etienne De La
Tour (1595-1665) son (I)-Claudew De Saint Etienne De La Tour; married Acadia
Louise Mi'Kmaq a native person; the had four children (III)-Jeanne La Tour,
Metis, who married Martin d'Aprendestiguy de Martigon' (III)-Antoinette La
Tour, Metis, who became a nun, (III)-Marie La Tour, Metis, who also became a nun
and possibly a Metis son. The marriage was blessed in 1626 and the
children were baptized . (III)-Stephen LaTour Metis a son of
(II)-Charles LaTour was recorded as traveling with his father. (II)-"Charles
LaTour traveled the woods with 18 or 20 men, mingled with the savages and lived
an infamous and libertine life, without any practice of religion, not even
bothering to baptize the children they procreated and instead abandoned them to
their poor, miserable mothers as the coureurs de bois still do today. These
half-breed children, called METIS by the French, became some of the staunchest
allies of the first French families of Acadia. Many of them were baptized by
French missionaries and clung to the faith of their fathers. They diligently
pursued the trade in furs that sealed the relationship between the worlds of
their fathers and their mothers." Pierre Antoine Pastedechouan a young Montagnais is
taken to France in 1620 for an education in French, Latin and is baptized and
returned to Kebec this year..
Father/brother? Nicolas Viel, d-1625, a Recollet Father/brother left a dictionary of the Huron (Wendat)
language. He died in the rapids of Sault-au-Recollet. The Jesuits lied and told France that the Recollets didn't
understand the Huron language. This was a cover up for their difficulty in
learning the language.
The Recollects had a monopoly of missionary activity in New France in
Kebec, Trois Rivieres, Tadoussac and Huron country but the Society of Jesus sent
6 members to Kebec because the Recollets were running short of funds.
The Jesuit (Black Robes) arrived Kebec this year. They resided with
the Recollet Fathers as there was no room at Fort Kebec. Their effort to
impose alien religion upon the savages was appreciated by few. The Jesuits
were impervious to criticism on this score, believing that any unconvinced of the
savages, was a small price to pay for salvation. Despite their diligent
efforts, the number of actual converts remained small. The Jesuit were
also impervious to the savage claim that they were spreading disease and were
the main reason for the fall of the Huron Nation.
Friar Gabrial Sagard, d-1636 of the Recolettes wrote: The
country is almost uninhabited (by the French) and uncultivated (less than 15
acres) and this through the negligence and lack of interest of the merchants who
hitherto have been satisfied to get furs and profits out of it without having
been willing to make any outlay for cultivation, settlement, or progress of the
country. It is noteworthy that the French trading establishment Kebec
numbered less than 70 people, and the religious, themselves refused to cultivate
their own needs, expecting handouts from the garrison and Savages.
(II)-Charles (Turgis) de Saint-Etienne de La Tour (1595-1665), son
(I)-Claude La Tour; 1st married 1625,
Acadia, a Mi'Kmaw woman (1st of three marriages) daughter Chief Membertou.
They had three daughters and one son. (III)-Jeanne de Saint-Etienne de la Tour, Metis, born this year,
who married 1655 Pentagouet, Acadia, d'Apprendestiguy de Martignon. 2nd
marriage La Tour put aside his Indian family and entered into a apologists union
with Francoise Jacqueune, a Huguenot who died 1645: 3rd marriage February
24, 1653, Madamine d'Aulnay widow Charles d'Aulnay de Charinsay
(1605-1650)
Father Nicolas Viel, d-1625 a Recollect drowned in the rapids, some
suggest he drown in 1624 having only arrived June 28, 1623. Others suggest
in the summer of 1625 on a voyage with the Huron to Kebec, the Huron threw him
to his death with his disciples in the rapids above Hochelaga (Montreal), which from that
time was named Sault au Recollet. Other accounts suggest they were killed
for being witches and then they threw them into the river.
The historical period of 1625 to1658 is dominated
by the Jesuits Relations Historia; a collection of Canadian missionary letters
highly edited under censorship from a Jesuit perspective. The Jesuit
Relations is a biased embellished plea for canonization based on the glories
of martyrdom. The Jesuits are religious activists, organized along
military lines. The Jesuit Order has wealth and power, along with
access to the purse of the wealthy in France. The Jesuits are very
familiar with the writings of Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca (1490-1557) who lived
among the Indians (1527-1537) and who urged a peaceful winning of the Indians to
King and Church, saying that the Indians believed in God, heaven and the
brotherhood of man and that the Indians are cultured, the Spanish
and English being the real savages. The question becomes why, then, do the Jesuits pursue such
an anti-Christian course of action. The answer is reflected in three of
the rules of the Jesuit Order established by St. Ignatius Loyola.
Some suggest I and the world are being unjust towards the actions of the
Jesuits, that is why I have added these old world and new world comments.
Their rules and actions are not supported by scripture as some contend.
Finally, the civil courts are ruling on religious value cases, as the religious
are unable to manage their own cultural sets of beliefs and values. We,
however, still have a long way to go to right the wrongs of the past four hundred
years.
The Jesuits Relations (1632-1673) speaks for itself. It deals with the conversion of the
savages in the New Country. The Jesuits deliberately do not name men who are in their disfavor
so as not to immortalize them. The Jesuits suggest the savages need to be subjugated just like
the Romans subjugated Europe. The Jesuits apply this analogy to the Roman Catholic Church.
Subjugation is considered a virtue, provided the Church is the subjugator. The fear of the
Jesuits was well founded as, later, most agreed the Jesuits were extremely wicked men, the
sepulchers of piety and religion, and ought to be destroyed and driven out of New
France
because they lacked integrity. All of Europe would eventually agree with this position and
demand that they be driven out of Europe. The First of the Jesuit Blackrobes to arrive in the
Canadian River Valley (St. Lawrence) are Charles Lalemant (1587-1674), Masse and Jean de
Brebeuf (1593-1649) this year.
The Compagnie de Caen had sent out no settlers. Very little land is
under cultivation, and the Huguenot Christians and Roman Catholic Christians
are constantly squabbling. The colony had little to show for nearly
twenty years effort.
This year, in ten days, pirates had seized 27 ships and 200 men off the New France
coastal waters.
The savages presented three little girls to (I)-Samuel de Champlain
(1567-1635) to compensate for the killing of two Frenchmen and also to avert famine and to cement treaty. Champlain accepted the
girls, although a French surgeon had asked for a savage girl as a wife and
been refused by the French council.
New Netherlands in the Hudson River Valley has 200 settlers.
It is believed that Riviere des Prairies located in the northern portion of
the Island of Montreal was named by (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) because
his companion Francois des Prairies was lost there.
(I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) is
ordered back to France and (I)-William de Caen, a Calvinist, replaces him.
The Jesuit immediately began to conspire against (I)-William de Caen, blaming
him for the poor reception of the Jesuits. (I)-Raymond de la Ralde would
replace him by the following year. The parish Sault au Recollet aka La
Visitation du Sault au Recollet is established this year.
January: Henri II, Duc de Montmorency (1595-1632), Grand Admiral of France
and Viceroy of New France, resigned in favor of his nephew, Henri de Levis, Duc
de Vantadour, who became Viceroy. (I)-Samuel de Champlain
(1567-1635) remained as a lieutenant of the Compagnie de Chaen
January 30: Kebec, birth (II)-Louise Couillard, Metis died November 23, 1641,
Kebec daughter (I)-Guillaume Couillard, d-1663 and (II)-Guillemette Herbert, Metis
(1606-1684);
married November 3, 1637, Kebec, Oliver LeTardif, (see 1602)
April 1: Acadia ( Nova Scotia) was divided into two provinces with
counties,
bishoprics and baronetcies.
April 25:
The Jesuits: (I)- Jean de Brebeuf (1593-1649), Father Superior (I)- Charles Lalemant (1587-1674)
and Father (I)- Enemond (Ennemond) Massie (1574-1646), with two lay brothers: (I)- Francois Charton and (I)- Gilbert Burel,
arrived in Kebec (Quebec) on June 19, being the first of their Order. They are
not well received either in the settlement or the Fort, and it is suggested
they return to France. Only the Recollet Fathers would take them
in out of charity. (I)-Jean de Brebeuf eventually went to live with the
Huron (Wendat),
and the rest remained near Fort Kebec. The Recollet missionary Father (I)- Nicholas
Viel is deliberately drown in the Ottawa River near the Mountain of Hochelaga
(Montreal).
He is considered the first martyr in Canada. The Jesuit considered the Algonquin and Montagnais
Savages as wretched
tribes with universal ignorance and with moral depravity, idolatry, brutal
savagery and foul nudity which are universal. Most New France citizens disliked
the Jesuits and ignored Father (I)- Charles Lalemant (1587-1674), refusing to
attend his services. Father (I)- Charles Lalemant is also known as Lallemant,
L'Alemand, L'Amand,
and Allemand. His birth is recorded as 1593 and November 17, 1587.
August 12: The mayor of Plymouth reported that 27 ships and 200 men
had been taken in 10 days by pirates. August 27: On the north eastern
corner of Cape Breton the 48 gun, 600 ton, French man-of-war, the pride of the
French navy the Le Chameau (the camel) was lost. All aboard, 316 persons
perished and 180 bodies washed up on shore. Included in the dead were Me
De Chazel, new Intendant of Quebec, de Louvigny, Governor Three Rivers and
Jacques L'Hermitte a military engineer. Included were new recruits for
Louisbourg, soms as young as age 14.
Gabriel
Sagard went on to explain: " Most
of them did not wish us to convert the Savages. They were fearful that the
beaver trade would fall off; that was the only purpose of their voyage. O
my God, my blood freezes in my veins, at the realization that for them, a
beaver skin was more important than the salvation of a people."
So lamentable was our scarcity that we were constrained to eat dogs, cats, rats, snakes, toadstools, horsehides, and what not. One man out of the misery he endured, killing his wife, powdered her up to eat her, for which he was burned. Many besides fed on the corpses of dead men, and one who had gotten insatiable out of custom to that food could not be restrained until such time as he was executed for it.
Some suggest, 7 to 15 Frenchmen remained in New France
during the British occupation, living among the natives. Three were
reported killed by 1633
1st married Kebec Julienne Barry (Baril) in 1611, (she died in 1627) likely an
Indian or Metis, Tanguay
lists marriage 1625 Julienne Barry (Baril), and possible
daughter (I)-Jean Barry, d-1658, servant Lambert,
(II)-Francois Boucher Metis? b-1626 Not included
in Tanguy list families in 1629, married 1641 Kebec Florance Gareman b-1629,
most likely Metis.
2nd marriage 1632 Perinne Malet (1604/06-1687), neither women are mentioned anywhere, therefore possible
savages or Metis?
(II)-Jean Galeran Boucher b-1633 married Marie Lecleric,
b-1640
(II)-Francoise Boucher b-1636 Kebec, d-1711 Chateau
Richer married 1650 Quebec (I)-Jean Plante (1621-1706)
(II)-Pierre Boucher b-1639 Kebec, married 1663 Chateau Richer
(II)-Marie St. Denis b-1650
(II)-Madeleine Boucher b-1641 Kebec, married 1655 Chateau
Richer, (I)-Louis Houde b-1617
(II)-Marie Boucher b-1644 Kebec, married 1656 Quebec (I)-Charles
Godin dit Gaudin b-1631,
(II)-Guillaume Boucher b-1647 Kebec, married 1672 Chateau
Richer, (II)-Marguerite Jeanne Thibaut b-1657
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