EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF MAN
200,000 BC TO 35,001 BC
200,000 BC TO 35,001 BC
EUROPEAN & ASIAN HISTORY 35,000 BC - 3001 BC
EUROPEAN & ASIAN HISTORY Return to EUROPEAN & ASIAN HISTORY INDEX
200,000 B.C.
Molecular biology suggests modern man originated about this time from an African tribe (Lucy theory) with little or no interbreeding with other existing humanoid groups. This theory requires that the descendants of Lucy displaced and replaced all people throughout the world. How all these people are eliminated is not explained. Others suggest Lucy is an extinct side evolution and is not part of the evolution to modern man. Evidence is mounting that the Lucy theory is not viable. No physical evidence supports the Lucy theory. Others suggest genetic findings can be rationalized to fit any theory. Fossil evidence as interpreted by conservatives does not support this contention and suggest modern man emerged about 100,000 B.C. Other evidence suggests modern man evolved independently at several sites much earlier including Africa, China and Indonesia. China also dates Homo Erectus to this period. Homo Erectus is located in Clacton eastern England and is using wooden spear tips or the artifacts could be used for probing.
The out of Africa theorists suggest that 99.9% of all human genetic code in humans is identical. Little is mentioned of the epigenetic code or epigenetic markers as they are called. Africans have twice as much genetic diversity as other regions of the world and therefore modern humans must have lived in Africa twice as long as anywhere else? If this assumption is valid then the aboriginal of Australia likely only have 10% or less genetic diversity and only existed for 5,000 years rather than 50,000 years or more based on that logic. Others believe modern man only started in 150,000 B.C. The out of Africa theory suggests modern man left Africa 70,000 to 50,000 B.C. and replaced all other humanoids world wide. Some even suggest the humanoids in Ethiopia and Israel died out about 90,000 B.C. The DNA studies suggests America is populated 18,000 to 13,000 B.C. which is not supported by the hard facts that supports a much earlier population. The African DNA diversity could be the result of migrations to Africa.
Anthropologists analysis of ancient skulls from this time to modern times throughout the world write a different story. Modern man descended independently from common ancestors that lived on nearly every continent and mingled with earlier human types like Neanderthal. Distinctive Neanderthal markings are still evident in skulls of today, we are they. The disappearance of Neanderthal is the result of interbreeding. There was no evidence of a single wave of modern man out of Africa. It was more of a dribble going both ways.
The evolutionary patterns of three different regions - Australasia - China and Europe show their earliest modern inhabitants do not have the complex features that characterize Africans.
At the beginning of the third ice age (Riss-wurm) the Abbevillian returned to Europe. These returning people are now called the Acheulian culture. Their modified hand-axe is found as far as India. Some contend that Homo Neanderthal and Homo Sapiens began to differentiate about this time. Dakhleh, Egypt contains evidence of human activity (tool making). Conflicting evidence suggests this differentiation could be as late as 100,000 B.C. An Archaic Jinniushan skull in Liaoning province of China suggests these Homo Sapiens coexisted with Homo Erectus in this region. The northern India Peoples genetically have more in common with the Chinese and Japanese than Europeans.
A broken wooden spear found at Essex, England is believed older than this period.
Some believe prehistoric Malaysia may be traced back as far as 200,000 years ago from stone tools found at Kota Tampan, an archaeological site in Lenggong Perak.
195,000 B.C.
Near Omo, Ethiopia is uncovered the remains of modern man (Homo Sapien). It is noteworthy that Ethiopian's got their name from the Greeks and it means burnt faced people.
181,200 B.C.
The Sumerian tradition suggests their kingship moved from Eridu, Iraq to Bad-tibira about this time and three king clans, one being Dumuzi reigned for the next 108,000 years.
176,000 B.C.
Stone tools are being used in Australia suggesting seafaring technology is in use much earlier than previously believed. Others suggest these are not real tools.
160,000 B.C.
Herto Man dated 160,000 to 154,000 B.C. is argon dated to this period in Herto, Ethiopia. Some consider them the oldest Homo Sapiens in Africa. They unofficially called them Homo Sapiens Idaltu. They suggest these people were practicing mortuary practices of cutting and polishing the skulls.
150,000 B.C.
Evidence of the use of fire is discovered in the Middle East. Genetic DNA studies suggest a second major migration out of Africa from now until 80,000 B.C. They theorize the first major migration was 840,000 B.C. to 420,000 B.C.
130,000 B.C.
The world is in a warm period. Global warming?
120,000 B.C.
Coastal caves at Klasies River Mouth and Nelson Bay in South Africa is occupied until 70,000 B.C. and the people lived on vegetables, game and fish resources. Modern man would occupy these caves about 13,000 B.C.
116,000 B.C.
The worlds oldest art is discovered in Northwest Australia (60,000 B.C.) and older tools are dated to 116,000 B.C. This is just about when modern man supposedly emerged from Africa or else the molecular biologists don't have the correct sediment dates or the tools are not man made.
110,000 B.C.
Flint tools have been in use for some time in the upper Tigris Valley (Iraq) located north of Mosul.
100,000 B.C.
Homo Neanderthal has a brain size of 1,560 cubic cm whereas modern man has a brain size of 1,350 cubic cm. Neanderthal is a flute-playing, story-telling, and spirit-seeking human. Neanderthals reigned over Europe from 250,000 B.C. to 36,000 B.C. Evidence of Neanderthal Man still exists until 1,300 B.C. Some suggest as man shifts from being a carnivore to being a herbivore brain size diminishes due to inadequate protein intake.
Chert (silica) is being mined at Nazlet Sabaha, Egypt.
A human skull positively dated to this period is discovered in a cave in Qafzeh, Israel. The cave appears to be occupied on and off from 100,000 to 90,000 B.C.
Ancient shells discovered in Algeria suggests jewelry in the form of necklaces was in used 50,000 years earlier than previously thought
A human skull is found in Xuchang, China.
The New Cave Man Site was found in Locality Four, 100 meters (328 feet) south to the Apeman Cave, China. The New Cave Man lived 100,000 years ago. The discovery of this site bridges the gap between Peking Man and Upper Cave Man, and the succession of Peking Man's evolution. One tooth, fossils of amniotes and other animal fossils were unearthed here.
Homo Sapiens is living at Hsuchiayao, Datong, province of Shanxi, not far from Peking (Beijing). These and other findings suggest the evolution of Homo Sapiens from Homo Erectus is not confined to Africa. Micoquian culture (La Micoque, Dordogne) evolved in Europe spreading to Africa, the Middle East, Palestine and Syria. At Jebel Qafzeh, near Nazareth there are indications that Homo Neanderthal and Homo Sapiens are living in the same localities. Later research from the period 40,000 to 30,000 B.C. indicated they did not or could not interbreed. Many disagree with this assumption and suggest they did interbreed. The mixed tool usage indicates that they did associate through trade and that historically results in interbreeding. A 12-year-old boy anatomically similar to modern man is discovered in Israel. These people live 25 km from and share the same type tools as Neanderthal man. Neanderthal man at Tata, Hungary made a carved and polished ivory tooth art object, likely an amulet or charm dated between 100,000-80,000 B.C.
Some suggest that the analysis of grammatical structures of 200 of the current 300 languages suggest that modern language arose about this time. They (Johanna Nicholas of Berkely) suggest language spread out of Africa to Southeast Asia about 50,000 B.C. Ultra traditionalists suggest all human racial diversity begins no earlier than this period. To suggest that no humanoid talked until someone from Africa taught or spread the gene for speech is the height of absurdity.
Genetic research suggest two major migration waves out of Africa to Asia occurred, namely 100,000 B.C. and 50,000 B.C. Some suggest a major migration into Europe also occurred about this time. This conflicts with other genetic research that suggest the migration only occurred in 60,000 B.C.
The Ainu people of Japan has a legend that they occupied the Islands from this time to modern time. There is little doubt they are the aboriginal peoples of Japan. An arrival date of 12,000 B.C. is a more believable date by the scientific community.
93,000 B.C.
Scholars were stunned to discover a descendent of homo erectus called homo floresiensis on the island of Java, Indonesia. The were 1/2 the size of homo sapiens with corresponding small brains yet with cognitive abilities equal to homo sapiens, including the making of fire. They are believed to have been in this area since 93,000 B.C. to 10,000 B.C..
Homo Floresiensis (Flores Man) who lived 93,000 B.C. to 10,000 B.C. is discovered on a Pacific Island. They are a human dwarf species believed marooned from the rest of the world. One female measures 3 feet tall. A volcanic eruption in 10,000 B.C. is believed to have sealed their fate. Flores Man remains were found in a cave known as Liang Bua, Island Flores, Indonesia. They resemble Australopithecus from 3 million B.C. in Africa. They used stone tools, lit fires and organized into hunting groups. They likely built boats to reach Flores, Soa, Basin, Indonesia.
90,000 B.C.
Homo Sapiens Sapiens with strong brow ridges and some archaic features found in Skhul and Qafzeh, Israel may date to this period. They do not however contain features found in early Europeans of Homo Sapien/ Neanderthal extinction. This evidence undermines the Neanderthal replacement theory by middle east migration.
The oldest discovered harpoons date to this period, does this imply the use of boats?
83,000 B.C.
An ice age dramatically altered the environment causing massive changes to the migration of animals and man.
80,000 B.C.
Neanderthal Man (150,000 - 1,300 B.C.), had an average life span of forty years, practiced burial rights and is firmly established in Europe from Germany to Baghdad. We need to keep in mind that our belief of a shorter life span of earlier peoples has proven many times to be incorrect. It is likely that all Homo Sapiens has a potential average life span of seventy some years and other perceptions are distorted statistics. Some suggest Neanderthal Man appears to have been assimilated by 25,000 B.C. into Modern Man. Homo Sapiens means "wise, rational man" or modern man. Other evidence suggests they are not assimilated but died out as a competitive people. They have a larger brain and are more muscular than Homo Sapiens and appear to be more suited to colder climates. The Broken Hill, Saldanda, Swanscombe and Steinheim men of this time fit neither Neanderthal nor modern man profiles. History is not as clean cut as the European mind would like it to be. Some of the cold climate adaptive features of Neanderthal man however still exist among northern Europeans and the Inuit and lap peoples of the far north. The Germanic people might find their roots in the Neanderthal culture.
Osaka man is discovered and some claim he is modern man, others dispute this claim.
Barda Balka near Chemchemal (Iraq) is a camping site used for the manufacture of flint tools. Burial sites at this time contained tools, food offerings and other ornaments suggesting a tribal belief in an after life and or a great social kinship culture. Reverence for life appears inherent to most early cultures.
DNA studies suggest modern man began departing Africa about 80,000 B.C.. Asia was reached 60,000 B.C. and Europe 40,000 B.C. It is believed they followed the ocean coast and that Europe was populated from Asia not Africa. See 70,000 B.C. for conflicting date studies and migration direction. Folks seem to agree a northern migration path is not likely at this time.
77,000 B.C.
Seven artifacts of carved ochre discovered in South Africa suggests Homo Sapiens had complex and abstract thinking capabilities suggesting modern behavior. This is some 40,000 years earlier than previously thought.
75,000 B.C.
The world is in a warm period. Global Warming?
Toba, Sumatra, Indonesia is the location of the largest eruption in know history of the world. Eruptions occurred in 840,000 B.C., 700,000 B.C. and 75,000 B.C. The 75,000 eruption ejected 2,800 Km3. The next closest was Yellowstone in 2.2 million B.C. that ejected 2,500 Km3
Evidence suggests prehistoric man in France is burning coal for fuel.
74,000 B.C.
Some Chinese writers date the Pre-Xia Dynasty as (74,000-2,100 B.C.) then comes the Xia Dynasty (2,100-1,600 B.C.)
73,200 B.C.
Sumerian tradition suggests their kingship passed from Bad-tibira to Larak and one king clan reigned for the next 28,800 years.
73,000 B.C.
The Blombos Cave in South Africa verified that people were making jewelry at this time. They discovered 41 perforated snail shells obviously having been strung.
72,000 B.C.
On the Island of Sumatra a caldera sixty miles long is evident and suggests 670 cubic miles of material was ejected. The ash and gas reached 30 miles into the stratosphere and shrouded the entire planet. The ash rains from the sky in particles so small that they can penetrate an animals lungs. The birds are first to go, then larger animals finally man is effected.
70,000 B.C.
The world is in a cold period. Global Cooling? It would appear that global warming and global cooling is a natural, normal cycle or is caused by cataclysmic events.
By 70,000 years ago, the migration out of Africa had gotten as far as New Guinea and the coast and rivers of China. Much of the world is unsuitable for habitation by modern humans. Especially between 65,000 and 55,000 BP, all but the most favorable areas were locked in bitter cold and drought.
Some believe that due to climatic change the world population only numbers 2,000 people at this time. Others dispute this estimate.
Worked bone awls and points are in use on the shores of the Indian Ocean.
Genetic variation studies suggest the migration route out of Africa to Asia followed a southern route along the coast arriving in Malaysia about 65,000 B.C.
The Mousterin tool people are in Mongolia.
Botswana, Tsodilo Region. of Africa is the site of what is believed the first religious artifact, a six meter-long carved serpentine rock.
Some suggest the proto-Basques occupied the traditional Basque Country in Spain about this time. Others suggest there is no proof these peoples are the ancestors of the Basque. Most however believe the Basque are the oldest European culture.
66,000 B.C.
Humans are present in India at this time.
63,000 B.C.
Humans are present in Malaysia at this time.
Humans are present in Australia at this time.
60,000 B.C.
Nine Neanderthal like human remains are uncovered at Shamdar Cave near Rowanduz (Iraq). Evidence suggests they cared for the sick and disabled. Neanderthal man is also located at Bau de L'Aubesier, southern France. They appeared to hunt or trade in a forty-kilometer radius. This appears to be a deduction based upon animal characteristics. Homo Sapiens Neanderthal as a culture is not anatomically identical. The Shanider Neanderthal of Iraq is quite different anatomically from the Neanderthal of Italy as an example. The Neanderthal culture developed a belief of life after death and began the ritual burial practices that modern man adopted. This life after death or spiritual dimension spread throughout Europe and the Middle East Neanderthal culture. They also used red ocher powder in their burials. The burial sites also included the medical herb yarrow being the earliest record of it use. There appears to be a universal belief in a mysterious supernatural other world and a belief of a life after death. The idea of spirits is also universal and likely an attempt to explain their environment. The Egyptians believed they each had a personal guardian spirit called Ka (an astral being) as well as their own Ka. We still follow this ancient practice but call it a leap of faith. Some believe religion began when ritualized burial practice began. Others suggest that when scientists can't explain an artifact, they give it a religious purpose.
Most people believe American natives originated from Mongoloid Asian peoples. The Mongoloid people have a high frequency (11-25%) of type 'B' blood. If this theory is true then this genetic imprint must be found in the Americas. Central and South American people are exclusively type 'O' blood. Only the Eskimos of America have this Mongolian signature. Others argue that the Mongoloid people replaced an earlier culture whose remnants are the Ainu of Japan, Australian aborigines and the American Indian. The Mungo people, modern humans are in Australia at this time. Others suggest the Mungo People date to 40,000 B.C. rather than 56,000 to 68,000 B.C. as previously thought.
There is evidence of an eastern migration into southern Mongolia of the Levallois-Mousterian tool tradition.
The world’s oldest art is discovered in Northwest Australia and older tools are dated to 116,000 B.C. It is interesting to note that Home Erectus never reached Australia, or at least no traces of them are found.
Many believe that evidence suggests oceangoing boats were in use.
Some researchers suggest you need to combine Genetic study, Linguistic study and Archeological findings to truly understand human migration. Current thinking is modern man migrated from Africa about this time based on Genetic studies.
Humans are present in Arabia at this time.
Humans are present in Europe at this time.
The whole of Northern Africa, Arabia and the Middle East into central Asia was a desert up until this time. Some suggest a northern migration out of Africa is not likely. The suggest it must have been via the sea in ocean going boats.
DNA studies suggest modern man began departing Africa about 80,000 B.C.. Asia was reached 60,000 B.C. and Europe 40,000 B.C. It is believed they followed the ocean coast and that Europe was populated from Asia not Africa.
The Orang-Asli people of Malaysia and the Andpman Islands in the Indian Ocean, began about this time.
59,000 B.C.
Some genetic theorists believe modern man emigrated from Africa about this time and dispersed around the world by 50,000 B.C. based on the X chromosome. They also believe women and their Y chromosome predates man and can be traced to 84,000 B.C. Others studies suggested modern women first emerged 143,000 B.C. This study that included 1,000 men in United States, Europe, Israel and Africa suggests fewer men than women participated in the evolution of modern man. It is noteworthy that Asia is excluded from this study. This would also imply women begot modern man not woman from man as recorded in Genesis. This theory appears to be driven by the fact that modern man has been proven to exist in Australia by 50,000 B.C. and the Theory of African Dispersal. The dispersal theory may or may not be true but the emergence of modern man surely predates this time. It is also noteworthy to remember there is no genetic basis to race.
58,000 B.C.
Neanderthals are digging graves east of the Tigris River, in Iran and carefully placing their loved ones with finely crafted flint tools, charred animal bones (roasted meat) blobs of pollen likely from flowers. The Neanderthal culture established a reverence for life, a belief in a life after death and compassion for the unfortunate.
50,000 B.C.
The world is in a cold period. A limited DNA study by Swedish and German researchers of 53 people, using a chimpanzee's DNA to establish a theoretical rate of change for mutations, assuming a steady state environment, supports the hypothesis of out-of-Africa modern man about this time. The unproven assumptions used in this analysis make it almost meaningless. Others however place the exodus at 100,000 B.C. Other DNA analysis suggest all Europeans are decedents of no more than 10 to 50 people some time between 50,000 to 30,000 B.C. The Iberian Peninsula (Spain) has been inhabited since this time, first with Neanderthal Man, then Modern Man. It is noteworthy that pre-Roman languages include Lusitanian, Basque (Aquitan), Iberian, Celtiberian and Tartessian.
Both archaeology and genetics suggest that about 50,000 years ago, people from Iran began moving out in all directions. Some went east towards the Indus Valley, where they mingled with the earlier inhabitants Others traveled in a northwesterly direction, up the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers into what is now Kurdistan. These people were of Western Iran, between the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea, where the people of the Zagros Mountains had developed the set of radically new stone working techniques that characterize what is known as the Upper Paleolithic.
Some speculate a Behavioral Revolution in Europe was taking place about this time. They say this accounts for the appearance of art later on that represents complex and abstract thinking. They go on to speculate this fundamental brain change is the result of adding more protein to the diet with fish. Unfortunately the discovery of complex and abstract art is discovered 77,000 B.C. in Southern Africa.
Some believe Europe is de-populated of Palaeo-anthropic man and replaced by modern man, Homo Sapiens. This alleged sharp revolutionary change appears to have begun in southwest Asia and spread out in all directions. The Cro-Magnon in some cases is over six feet tall and still had some Neanderthal characteristics. Neanderthal like human remains is uncovered at Shamdar Cave near Rowanduz (Iraq). This theory is based on a profound change in their tools, finer blades and projectile weapons. They developed better shelters, tailored clothing and more efficient hearths. Unfortunately to further complicate the issue at Ngandong, Indonesia fossil evidence suggests that Homo Erectus still exists along side Homo Sapiens. Some believe that Neanderthal and Humans are believed to have a common ancestry at this time.
Great controversy surrounds this period of development and cultural biases play a significant role. Historically it is suggested that the Mongoloid, Caucasoid, Negroid, Australian and American must have begun differentiation during this period. This sub classification of Modern Man is purely arbitrary based on skin color and superficial physical features. Genetic research suggests there are likely only two sub classifications of modern man, Afro's and all other peoples. The traditional 'race' classifications some believe are just minor regional genetic adaptations to their environment. The origin of the Caucasoid is an anomaly and could be a mutation of Mongoloid or visa-a-versa. The Caucasoid is first isolated as a separate people in 1795 being separated from the four classifications of African, American, Asian and European peoples. It is noteworthy that this is a geographic definition. Johann Frieorich Blumenbach a German based his race distinction on his criteria of beauty. Caucasoid is based on a Georgian female skull found near Mount Caucasus that he considered the most beautiful formed skull. He considered other peoples degenerate from this Germanic ideal. The Caucasoid is found in Europe, the Hamites and Semites of Northern Africa and as far east as India. The Indians of northern India have genetically more in common with the Chinese and Japanese that with the Europeans. This is supported by genetic studies, linguistic, archaeological and to some degree, historical evidence.
The Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman are closer related to the Chinese, south Asians than to Europeans, Japanese or Tibetans based on genetic studies..
Mongolian tradition suggests they are descendants from the Gray Wolf clan (male) and the Tawny Doe Clan (female). It is noteworthy that the Gray Wolf or for that matter all wolves originated in America.
Stone tools are being used in Northern China, Mongolia and Manchuria.
The Shanidar skull, a Neandertal is located east of the Jordan River and dates to this period.
The First Nation People may have reached Australia and America on boats from Asia about this time. The aborigines of Australia believe they came on the path of the rising sun across the water from an island away to the Northwest. The first people are the Djanggau sisters who made the first people. The aborigines practiced circumcision as did the early Egyptians. The American Indian by contrast contends they have always lived in the Americas. The land bridge advocates are hard pressed by this occurrence. Some migrants to Australia are thin-boned of light build. Other groups are sturdy and robust suggesting different origins or geographical groups. Some believed the Mongoloids became the Asians and American Indians. No evidence supports this belief. The Australia peoples include the Ainus of Japan, the Veddoids of southern India and some of the American Indians many be descendants of the Archaic White stock that is older than the Cro-Magnon stock of man. Some experts suggest the Australia's paintings of hands, symbols and animals date to this period, and others suggest its more likely 40,000 B.C. Some believe that with art came religion. The God of the Sky or Great Spirit of the Sky is universal across all cultures about this time.
This great diversity of modern man may never be fully explained due to the great mobility of man. Both infusion and defusing likely contributes to the diversity of man. Because of the great infusion of Mongoloid blood into Europe their family of languages needs to be considered. The historic bases for the various human races are not supported by modern science. As an example all Homo Sapiens has the genetic machinery to be black or white. Skin color differences are caused by very minor genetic variations affecting the melanocyte cells that produce the pigment melanin. Black and brown vs. red and yellow are pigment families and white is an absence of melanin. White skin appears to be a genetic defect as black is the more prevalent.
The Mongoloid family of languages of Palaeo-Siberian is as follows:
Chukchi Koryaks Kamchadals Yakuts Samoyeds Ostyaks Voguls
It is believed that the Negritos or Arta (Australo-Melanesian) Peoples, a small dark skinned People first settled the Philippine Islands between 50,000 and 40,000 B.C.
The first indication the Ainu who some think are of Caucasoid in nature arrived Southern Japan via the Korean Peninsula. The Ainu had large amounts of body hair. Some believe the Ainu people also migrated to North America, maybe before the American Indians. It is believed the Ainu occupied much of China at this. These people are called prehistoric hunters gathers from China who migrated to Southern Japan.
48,000 B.C.
Neanderthal Man is active in eastern England near Thetford.
47,600 B.C.
Some time before this date Neanderthal ventured into a deep subterranean cave in Les Gorges de l'Aveyon in southern France.
46,000 B.C.
Some claim the latest known remains of a Neanderthal like human in Iraq are uncovered at Shamdar Cave near Rowanduz. I is noteworthy that remains of Neanderthal woman was evident in Speyer, Germany in 1,300 B.C.
45,000 B.C.
At Baude L'Aubesier, southern France Neanderthal man is carving bone tools and chipping stone tools. They have periodically occupied this site for the past 15,000 years. The Levallois-Mousterian people are still located at a number of sites in Siberia.
Neanderthal man is believed to have disappeared in Europe, Africa and Asia, including northern China about this time. No Neanderthal man remains have been discovered in America therefore some assume America is not likely populated before this date. However Neanderthal remains were discover in Europe as late as 5,500 B.C. which postdates man in America. We have to be very careful of assumptions used vs. hard facts.
Some DNA studies suggest an out of Africa migration to China occurred this date. The fact that Australia is believed peopled by 60,000 B.C. They revised the departure date to between 60,000-100,000 B.C. This hypothesized argument is that there was likely two migrations out of Africa. Others suggest two migrations are not likely.
44,400 B.C.
Sumerian tradition suggests their kingship moved from Larak to Sippar and one king clan reigned for the next 21,000 years. Molodova in the Ukraine contains Mousterian dwellings with mammoth bones and tusks that date earlier than this era.
43,000 B.C.
Some Soviet geologists believe the climate of Siberia is relative warm (Global Warming) from this period until 33,000 B.C. This they believe makes it a highly probable period for migration to (or from) the Americas. Neanderthal man at Slovenia likely played a flute dating 82 to 42,000 B.C. They also used bitumen as a glue by 40,000 B.C. a feat not equaled until 8,000 B.C. in Syria by more modern men.
Most Middle Eastern People's trace their origin by M89 DNA to migration out of Africa at this time. In 10,000 B.C. people with M-172 DNA from Iran mixed with the Middle East People's.
At Kostenki, Russia a ivory carving appears to be the first figurative art in Europe. The carving was found with primitive tools and two teeth. This location is one of the coldest, driest places in Europe.
41,000 B.C.
Neanderthal man at El Sidron, Spain show signs of cannibalism.
The earliest traces of modern human occupation are dated to around 43,000-39,000 BP in the southern part of Siberia.
40,000 B.C.
DNA studies suggest modern man began departing Africa about 80,000 B.C.. Asia was reached 60,000 B.C. and Europe 40,000 B.C. It is believed they followed the ocean coast and that Europe was populated from Asia not Africa.
Others suggest the first people after Neanderthal was the Aurignacian, which arrived shortly after 40,000 years ago, from the east.. Others suggest the Aurignacian culture that reached Europe soon after 40,000 BP originated in the Iran region..
Some believe a second major migration into Europe occurred about this time. Other genetic research suggests Europe was populated in three waves, 40,000 B.C., 20,000 B.C. and 7,000 B.C.
It is believed that some groups of Neanderthals began evolving into modern humans in western France about this time.
Mungo
Man from Lake Mungo, Australia does not match any living human DNA. Some
suggest this does not support the 'out of Africa' theory. The aging of
Mungo Man was previously dated to 56,000 to 68,000 B.C. The theory is that this group of individuals represented by
"Mungo" combined with other groups arriving later to form the present Aborigines and Melanesians. Presumably settlement of the Australian continent would have occurred thousands of years before Mungo Man showed up.
Australian National University researchers published the results of mtDNA testing on Lake Mungo 3. The DNA did not match that of living humans. Either the Mungo lineage evolved in Australia, not Africa, or it could mean that the Mungo lineage went extinct.
Homo Sapiens, Modern Man, exists from 100,000 B.C. to present time, and many say he is well established in Europe, Africa, Asia, America and Australia at this time. Homo Sapiens appears to have emerged and spread throughout the world from two primary sources, South East Asia (Mongoloid) and or Africa (Negroid) during the Pleistocene age (600,000 to 10,000 B.C.). Genetic research seems to support this two subspecies of modern man theory. The Y chromosome studies in men suggest modern Europeans migrated to Europe from central Asia and the Middle East in two major waves of migration. Others however contend Australiod Man and therefore Caucasoid Man predates this assumption. Some believe Caucasoid culture is penetrating into Siberia at this time. China's land, domestic animals and tools are believed to be held in common, a clan culture. This common belief in a sharing culture would dominate America for the next forty thousand years. Weapons however are believed to be privately held. Keep in mind during this period the earth is nearly one-third covered with glaciers compared with 1/10 of today. It is noteworthy that recent research suggests the transition from Ice Age to warmer weather took only a few decades and this will significantly affect many time dating assumptions. Bottom line, there are more questions than answers concerning the real beginning of man, your ancestors.
38,000 B.C.
The people of Kakadu, Australia is rock-painting handprints and symbols.
Some believe red hair first appeared between 38,000 to 18,000 B.C. in Europe They speculate it may have originated among Neanderthal man as it does not occur in African cultures. Others suggest the supporting evidence is sparse to support this theory.
The Republic of Komi, on the banks of the River Usy, in the arctic circle is a site with a mammoth tusk with human markings. Other bones include deer, and horses, with one bone having an arrow-head stuck in it. Some speculate Europe was populated from the north rather than the south which is commonly believed.
Some believe the Basque culture originated about this time from Cro-Magnon man and completed their evolution as a distinct culture by 5,000 B.C. The Basque are genetically and blood type different than other Europeans. Most Basques have type 0 blood with a high incidence of RH negative. The Basque speak Euskara which is unique and not related to any other language of the world. The Basque called their country Nafarroa (Nauarre). The Basque appear to be the indigenous people of Europe.
37,000 B.C.
The world is in a cold period. Global Cooling?
A tool making site on the Sai Kung Peninsula, Hong Kong dates from this time to 33,000 B.C.
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