Children are frequently beaten to break their sinful ways.
The Quakers were horrified at the sadism of child beating in England.
The head of a house has absolute power,
his wife and children belonged to him, mind, body and soul.
EUROPEAN & ASIAN HISTORY 1700 - 1769
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1660
One of Cromwell's commanders marched his army to London and forced elections and invited Charles II to return to his Kingdom, the attempt at Republic Government was over. When Charles returned all laws and acts of Cromwell were canceled, some say he never said a foolish thing, nor ever did a wise one but believed in the divine right of Kings. He did support the removal of centuries of Church suppression by telling the Royal Society to examine all systems, theories, principles, elements, histories and experiments of things natural, mathematical and mechanical, truly heresy. King Charles II (1660-1785) a Roman Catholic during his first two years whipped and imprisoned 3,000 Quakers. This action made the Quakers like the early Christians stronger in faith. The Quaker movement rapidly spread throughout the British Empire, Holland, Germany and even Russia. King Charles II believed that Protestant Religion makes people too independent thinking and this threatened the belief of one absolute King.
A hole in reality (a vacuum) is discovered. The English embraced the vacuum as a place where God and angles could live. Rome considered this thinking as heresy and insisted a vacuum doesn't exist and Christians must believe dogma this as a matter of faith.
The Hapsburg monarchy a disparate collection of inheritances housed several languages, German, Czech, Magyar and others. In the west and south are the hereditary provinces of the Austrian house subject to the ruler of Vienna. The ruler of Vienna is the Duke of Upper and Lower Austria, of Carinthia and Carniola Margrave of Styria and lord of lands in Swabia. Sporadic fighting between Austria and Turkey would turn into a larger-scale war after Turkey took Transylvania.
Gypsy (Roma) are prohibited from residence in France by Louis XIV. Punishment is banishment. A second offense results in the galleys or corporal punishment.
1661
King Louis XIV (age 22 years) assumed the reigns of Government in France he felt called on to increase and represent the glory of the state through secret council and secret police. He stated that "I have no intention of sharing my authority with them," the vile creatures of Cardinal Mazarin (1602-1661). The King thereby withdrew his ambassador from Rome and expelled the nuncio in Paris. The King occupied the papal enclaves of Avignon and Venaissin and threatened to invade the papal states.
The Quaker's of England claimed that all men and women were equal, and more outrageous that all war was wrong. The were considered a religious sect of nonconformists.
Johann Georg II, elector of Saxony, imposes the death penalty to any Roma caught in his territory.
1662
Shengzu of China with a Reign Title of Kangxi, Reigned (1662-1722) of the Qing Dynesty.
Venice some believed had gone mad. Gambling went on day and night and it was noted that Abbe Grioni bet all his clothes on the turn of the wheel, lost and returned to the monastery naked. Nuns fought among themselves for the honor of serving as mistress to a visiting papal nuncio. It was considered a disgrace for a married patrician woman not to have a cicisbeo, a combination lover and gentleman in waiting.
1663
(I)-Marie Mazoue departed (Charente-Maritime) La Rochelle, Aunis, France for the New France colony Quebec. Her dowry of 450 pounds included 300 pounds from her Godmother Marie Flacquemesle. Her dowry suggests a high probability that she was one of the King's daughters or Fillies Du Roi. The King's Daughters (by Joy Reisinger, Elmer Courteam) defines this period as 1663 to 1673 where the King of France provided dowry for poor or adventurous young girls, some as young as sixteen who would immigrate to New France. The Kings Daughters usually received a dowry of 100 Livre, 10 for personal and moving expenses, 30 for clothing and 60 for passage. She was also given a hope chest containing cloth and sewing essentials.
Ahmed Kuprili of Turkey moved his army up the Danube toward Vienna, Austria. A battle of St. Gotthard, Hungary stopped the advance in 1664 imposing a twenty-year truce.
"Peas porridge hot, Peas porridge cold, Some like it hot, Some like it cold, Some like it in the pot Nine days old" This rhyme appears to predate this time but it represents a daily reality of the time. Those families who could afford it had a big pot that was always in or near the fire. They ate mostly vegetables and did not get much meat. They would eat the stew for dinner, leaving leftovers in the pot to get cold overnight and then next day add to the stew for that day. They also called it 'pot luck' because you were never sure what you were eating. Sometimes they could obtain pork, which they proudly displayed to visitors as a sign of wealth that a man could 'bring home the bacon'. They would cut off a little to share with guests and would all sit around and 'chew the fat'.
1664
Jean Baptiste Colbert (b-1619) of France with authority to establish monopolies established the East and West India Companies. Pope Alexander VII (1655-1667) with no allies offered apologies and accepted the humiliating conditions of the treaty of Pisa including the requirement to establish a pyramid in Rome admitting the Vatican soldier’s guilt. He had to defer completely to the Kings demand to appoint the Episcopal in France.
A plague epidemic hit Edinburgh, Scotland aka Eiden's Fort and devastated the sub city below the aboveground city.
1665
The Duke of Austria became Landesfurst of Tyrol. Richard Baxter of Britain argued that to catch up poor Negroes, or people of other lands, that never forfeited life and liberty, and to make them slaves, and sell them, is one of the worst kinds of thefts in the world. Such persons are to be considered as the common enemies of mankind. Baxter however was not taken seriously.
The Black Death or Bubonic Plague (Bacillus Yersinia Pestis) arrive London, England killing 75,000 to 100,000 people. The actual numbers killed is not known as records of death among the poor were not kept. The plague arrived from Amsterdasm, Netherlands where it was simmering since 1654. The plague then spread from London to France.
The Great Fire of London lasted 4 days and destroyed 13,000 houses. The fire however helped contain the plague.
1666
A terrible bubonic plague struck London last year ending this year killing sixty eight thousand people and this year most of London is destroyed by fire including eighty seven churches, thirteen thousand homes (about 80% of the city) and a new law required they be rebuilt of brick and stone.
Punished by Louis XIV of France for being "Bohemians." (Gypsy). Men are sent to the galleys. Women and girls are flogged, branded and banished.
1667
In May French troops invaded east into Franche-Comte and north into Spanish Netherlands. King Louis XIV (1643-1715) of France is frustrated as the English and Swedes supported the Dutch. Clement IX (1667-1669) Jesuit educated is elected pope.
1669
The Turks took Crete this year.
1670
Clement X alias Emilo Altieri (1670-1676) is elected pope.
The maximum glacier advances in the Alps occurred between 1670 to 1680 driving people from historic farming sites. This is evidence to support the Little Ice Age (1550-1850) is global in nature.
1672
The Black Plague hit Naples Italy killing some four hundred thousand people. King Louis XIV (1643-1715) a Bourbon of France again invaded the Netherlands having made arrangements to keep the English, Swedes and Germans out of the war that lasted to 1678.
The Royal African Company was given British Royal charter to engage in slave trading and other African trade.
1673
Parliament passed the Test Act that prevented any Catholic from holding public office. This act is to prevent King Charles II (1660-1685) or any future King becoming Catholic. The Whigs are afraid of an absolute monarchy and of the Catholic faith but still believed strongly in allowing religious freedom, they also wanted no standing army. An opposing group nicknamed the Tories, an Irish name for thieves, upheld the authority of the Crown and the Church. An Act is also passed forbidding any Catholic to be member of either the Commons or the Lords.
Pope Clement X (1670-1676) appealed to Protest King Charles XI of Sweden (1660-1697) to come to the aid of Poland that is under siege by the Turks. Sweden declined to assist the Roman Church as did King Louis XIV (1643-1715) of France. France is preparing for a holy war against Protestant Holland. Spain and Emperor Leopold I (1658-1705) provided aid to the Dutch. John Sobieski (1624-1696) with aid from the Vatican defeated the Turks at Dniester.
1674
King Louis XIV of France confiscated church property and diverted their income to support the holy war. Pope Clement X complained so the King claimed unrestricted right to appoint all ecclesiastical offices and threatened violence.
1676
Innocent XI alias Benedetto Odescalchi (1676-1689) Jesuit educated is elected pope. He attempted to outlaw nepotism but the cardinals refused to support his efforts. His attempt to outlaw carnivals on moral grounds met with ridicule.
1679
King Louis XIV (1643-1715) began on the advice of his Jesuit confessor a campaign to eradicate Protestantism from French soil. By 1684 nearly six hundred of eight hundred Huguenot churches are closed.
The Black Death or Bubonic Plague (Bacillus Yersinia Pestis) arrive Vienna, Austria killing 76,000 people between 1679-to early 1680's.
1680
Pope Innocent XI (1676-1689) is critical of the Jesuit philosophy
that the ends justifies the means. He issued the probabiliorism that
if in doubt about the licitness of an action the opinion that seems more
probable should be followed.
The Jesuit Tirso Gonzalez de Santalla of Salamanca turned against probabilism
violating his own primary belief of papal support.
Six members of the court of Louis XIV (1643-1715) are arrested on suspicion of murder by poison and involvement in a cult of Satanists. The mistress of the King is implicated.
1682
Louis XIV reiterates his previous policy: punishment for being "Bohemian." (Gypsy). Men are sentenced to the galleys for life on the first offence. Women's heads are shaved and children are sent to the poor house. For a second offence, women are branded and banished.
1683
The Turks (Ottoman Empire) had occupied most of Hungary since 1526. The Ottoman includes the Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhjtan and Kygtzstan speaking peoples. Many Europeans do not consider Turkey as being European because they are mostly of Islam tradition. Culturally modern Turkey is composed of Turks, Arabs, Jews, Greeks, Iranians, Armenians and Kurds. Mustapha I the Turk with 250,000 men marched on Vienna, Austria. Vienne vastly outnumbered refused to surrender. A motley army of Austrians, Saxons, Bavarians and Poles under the command of John III (Sobieski) (1629-1696) King of Poland defeated the siegeing army at Vienna. An alliance called the Holy League of the Empire that included Poland, Venice and Russia pressed the attack against the Turks. By 1686 they won back Hungary and crossed the Danube and occupied Serbia in 1688.
A meter of ice is on the Thames River in London as a result of the Little Ice Age (1500-1800).
1685
King Louis XIV (1643-1715) forbade Huguenots to exercise their faith, educate their children as Protestant and to leave France. Half a million Huguenots had left France by this date and Prussia is actively recruiting these skilled Huguenots. Many of these French Protestants escaped persecution and settled in Britain. Many Nonconformist and Puritan escaped Persecution in Britain to settle in America. Catholic families fled Britain and settled in Maryland for the same reasons. The demolition of churches, kidnapping of children and the expulsion of Huguenots from strategic cities like Paris is most effective. This year an estimated 200,000 Protestants departed France and this is considered King Louis XIV greatest error.
King Charles II (1660-1685) of England died and his brother James II (1685-1688) a catholic who is governor in Scotland became King of England. James II the Catholic killed many Presbyterian men, women and children in Scotland, many remember this time as the killing time. The Tories and Anglicans are delighted with their new king. King James II tried to remove the anti Catholic laws and to bring the Catholic Church back to England and allow it to exist beside the Anglican Church but Parliament is angry including the Tories and Anglicans. James tried to get rid of the Tory gentry who most strongly opposed him. He removed three quarters of all Justice of the Peace replacing them with men of lower social class.
Portugal deports Gypsy (Roma) to Brasil, and makes it a crime to speak Romani.
1686
Frederick William, elector of Brandenburg, decrees that Gypsy (Roma) are not to be allowed trade or shelter.
There is a sudden and radical change in the attitude of the Swedish Lutheran Church.
Gypsy (Roma) are now accepted and their children may be christened
1687
Isaac Newton postulated that the earth was not round but flatter at the poles. Science has proven that the difference is actually a significant 42 kilometers. Since the last ice age the poles have been expanding as the heavy ice slowly melts and the earth springs back. Scientists were alarmed from the results of the studies began in 1979 to 1998 when they discovered the equator is expanding, for no know reason. It is humbling to realize how little we know about the dynamics of our world, such as global cooling, global heating, violent tipping of the earth axes, el nino, magnetic pole reversal etc.
1688
King James II (1685-1688) a catholic had a son that would perpetuate a Catholic King so Parliament looked for a way out and looked to the other succession of James's daughter, Mary. Mary (1689-1694)is Protestant and married to the Protestant ruler of Holland, William III (1689-1694) of Orange. They invited William of Orange to invade England who is already at war with France. William entered London but the crown is offered only to Mary. William said he would leave Britain unless he became King. Parliament had no choice but to crown both Mary and William. William reigned 1689-1702. By this action England effectively became a Dutch colony until 1714. King James II appealed to Rome for help but pope Innocent not pleased with his methods of imposing Roman Catholicism refused.
William Dampier of England landed on the northwest coast of Australia aka New South Wales.
1689
The price Parliament was willing to pay to avoid being dominated by the Roman Catholic Church would be another hundred year of war. The English and French (Louis XIV) began their King William's War or the War of the League of Augsburg.
1689-1697 King William's War, competing on nearly
even terms overseas.
1701-1713 Queen Anne's War, English received territories
in America from France and slave trading rights from Spain.
1743-1748 King George's War, no gains for either
side.
1756-1763 French and Indian War, India, West Indies
and Canada lost to England.
1775-1783 War of American Independence, England
lost the United States.
1792-1801 Wars of French Revolution, England took
South Africa from the Dutch.
1801-1815 Napoleonic Wars, Britannia rules
the sea.
King James II (1685-1688) landed in Ireland with French support from King Louis XIV (1643-1715). In Dublin a Catholic parliament immediately passed an act taking away all the property of Protestants in Ireland. Thirty thousand Protestants locked themselves in the city of Londonderry. King James II army encircled Derry as they called it for fifteen weeks when English ships arrived bringing fresh supplies and the struggle for Derry was over. The battle cry of the Protestants, No Surrender' is still the battle cry of Ulster three hundred years later as the war continues.
William of Orange aka King Billy was helped to the throne by Pope Innocent XI alias Benedetto Odescalchi (1676-1689) a Jesuit who became Pope in 1676. The Pope gave 8 million to secure his allegiance and to ensure Louis XIV of France didn't form any alliance against the Vatican. It is noteworthy that the Vatican destroyed most records at the Vatican to ensure history didn't learn of the Pope's activities in revolutions.
Alexander VIII alias Pietro Ottoboni (1689-1691) born Venice is a Grand Inquisitor of Rome and is elected pope.
1690
King William III (1689-1694) landed in Ireland and defeated King James's (1685-1688) army at the River Boyne. King James (1685-1688) left Ireland for France a few days later never to return. The Irish Protestant parliament over the next fifty years passed laws to prevent Catholics from becoming members of parliament, becoming a lawyer, going to university, joining the navy of taking public posts. Catholics are not allowed to own a horse valued over five pounds. Catholic schools are forbidden. Sons who became Protestant could take over parents property and use it as he wanted. Pope Alexander VIII (189-1691) condemned the Jesuit belief that denied the necessity of an explicit act of love for God after attainment of reason. Also condemned is the Jesuit belief that no sin is involved if committed without knowledge or thought. He also condemned 31 Jansenist propositions.
A dead Eskimo (Inuit), a seal hunter was washed ashore on the Orkney Islands still sealed into his kayak. A few others over the years suffered the same fate.
1691
Innocent XII alias Antonio Pignatelli (1691-1700) Jesuit educated is elected pope. In 1692 he issued a decree that popes should never grant estates, offices or revenues to relatives. Only one relative should be eligible to become cardinal. All the cardinals are forced to sign the decree.
1694
The Danes found the Virgin Islands ideal for growing sugar cane and took possession despite being claimed by Columbus in 1493. Slaves were imported to toil the land and the brutal work the working life expectancy was only 3-5 years. It was a barbaric era. It is noteworthy that the petroglyphs on the Islands date back to 1200 A.D.
1695
Iceland glaciers are advancing dramatically during the period of 1695 to 1709.
1697
The defeat of the Turks and the Treaty of Karlowitz awarded to Austria; Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia and Slavonia.
1699
The old crusade against Islam and the Ottoman Empire is taken up by Austria and the Hapsburgs with support from the Poles, Venetians and Russians. The Sultan of Turkey evacuated all Hungary and the country became part of Austria except for Banat. Transylvania, Croatia and Slavonia also went to Austria, the region from around Bar to Poland, the Morea to Venice.
The birth rate fell and would remain lower in England than the rest
of Europe, some believe it was because they married later in life, age
twenty seven, and that women tried to control the size of their families,
by breast feeding babies for as long as possible. More men also remained
unmarried that is unexplained. In south Wales one in three of all
heads of gentry families remained unmarried, a century earlier hardly any
heads of gentry families in the area remained unmarried.
The head of the family had absolute power, his wife and children belonged
to him, mind, body and soul. Absolute obedience was expected, disobedience
was considered an act against God as well as the head of the house.
Children were frequently beaten to break their sinful ways. Wives
lost their legal rights over whatever property they brought into the marriage.
Scottish women however were not afraid to stand up to both husbands and
government, in fact many Scottish women were killed for their beliefs during
the 'Killing Times' in Scotland, possibly the result of religious democracy
in Scotland.
The Quakers were horrified at the sadism of child beatings by the English and instructed their members to love their children, correct them with affection, never strike in passion, and suit the corrections to their ages as well as their fault.
April 13: The Khalsa Panth is founded by Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji also known as the Brotherhood of the pure. A religion of the Sikhs.
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