Jews are officially excluded from the territories of New France.
Jews are officially excluded from the territories of New France.
FRENCH HISTORY 1620-1625
FRENCH INDEX Return to Main French INDEX
The first recorded slaves were imported into the Americas by the Dutch in Virginia.
Two thirds of the French in New France will return to France, leaving no recorded descendants.
1615
Population of Kebec 33 French + 19 Huron
Peter Easton, a forban (pirate) from 1602 to 1615, is considered the King of the Pirates with 10 ships under his command. He was considered the master of the seas. He imposed a levy, the first regular tax on fishing vessels to America. He destroyed a Basque fleet, intent on capturing his Harbor Grace Fort. He attacked the Spanish shipping in the Caribbean, raided Puerto Rico and captured the Spanish plate fleet in 1614. He is eventually pardoned by King James, abandons his Newfoundland base, buys a castle and becomes Marquis of Savoy- living in luxury.
(I)-Jacques Hertel d-1658, some suggest he died August 10, 1651, arrived Canada this year, became an interpreter and took refuge among the savages when Kebec was taken..
The Recollets established Ste Marie mission among the Hurons. The French had named them Huron as an insult, meaning wild boar's head or lout. They called themselves Wendat. It was common practice to ask tribes to name their enemies so as to record these insulting names.
The French learned survival skills from the Natives, including the use of the canoe, snowshoe, toboggan, moccasin and Native foods. They also taught the French agricultural methods, including cultivation of maize, beans, pumpkin and squash. It is noteworthy that the Native farmers of the Americas developed over half of the cultivated crops of the world. They showed them how to make maple sugar and to gather wild berries; especially blueberries. The Algonquian, however, still would not allow the French access to the Ottawa River. (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), lieutenant of the Compagnie des Marchands de Rouen et de Saint Malo, learned that the tribe control was done by the women, that the children are of the mother's clan and that inheritance of possessions and power is through the females. After all this hospitality, the French still consider the Natives savage.
Some believe that (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) first met the Ojibwa in Georgian Bay on this expedition. It is also interesting to note that Basque fishermen have been aware of Lake Ontario since the middle of last century. (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) made note of the fields of corn in Georgia Bay.
(I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), lieutenant Compagnie des Marchands de Rouen et de Saint Malo, petitioned the Algonquian high council to lift the four-year travel restriction on the Ottawa River. The Algonquian council met and after long debate, compromised and allowed the Wendat (Huron) to trade down river to Fort Kebec (Quebec) and allowed the French, on payment of a toll, restricted passage up the Ottawa river. This decision pleased the Wendat, as it ensured their historic trading position. The Algonquian, as a show of good faith, conducted (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) to Lakes Huron and Ontario, as well as the Wendat settlement of Cahiague.
Champlain helped to create war between the Wendat and Iroquois, not only to make them love us more, but to pave the way for exploration that would require the Wendat help. If peace remains between the two, the Iroquois will lead the Wendat to trade with the Dutch.
(I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), upon seeing a Huron (Wendat), is fascinated when he discovers a very complex and fascinating society. The City of Cahiague, located on Lake Huron, has two hundred wooden buildings, some of which are as long as two hundred feet. (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) noted that the protection of the city is by triple palisades, thirty feet high. Samuel de Champlain (1570-1635) presumed he is the first European to see these sights, and he marveled at their splendor. This is hard to believe, as at least four Coureurs des Bois had spent years in this region and further west. Even the priests are aware that a Frenchman preceded Champlain.
Father (I)-Joseph le Caron (1586-1632), Recollet and Father Jarney, Recollet, established a mission at Three Rivers as it was a historic trading post of the Natives. Father Caron then proceeded to Huron Country and wintered with the Tobacco Nation and adjoining tribes. The Huron village was called Carhagonha (Thunder Bay; later known as Toanche).
The Dutch commenced construction of Fort Amsterdam, New Holland on the River Maurice.
Jews are officially excluded from the territories of New France.
March 15: William Baffin (1584-1622) explored Hudson Straitwest end Southhampton Island and Foxe Channel, then returned to England in the fall.
April 24: The first Recollet missionaries departed France for Kebec. They established a mission at Three Rivers this year.
May 25: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) arrived at Tadoussac, Quebec, having left Honfleur on April 24 to learn of the renewed Iroquois retaliation. Father (I)-Joseph le Caron (1586-1632) and Father Jarney also arrived Tadoussac and proceeded to Three Rivers.
June: Having departed Old France April 15, four Recollects, including (I)-Denis Jamet (d-1625), Superior of the mission arrived Fort Quebec. They included one lay brother and three Recollect priests. (I)-Joseph Le Caron (1586-1632), the Recollect, is said to have visited Georgin Bay and the Huron before the Champlain visit. The visit is cordial, but the Recollects are not allowed to return until 1623. The Recollects, with their fanatic religious zeal and lack of religious tolerance, would not be considered as civilized guests. (I)-Gabrial Seguard, a Recollect, is astonished to learn the reaction of the Indians to the French. The Indians see the French as feeble minded because of the hair growing on their face. He also noted that religion and trade do not go well together. Most French traders did not want religion taught to the Indians. The Recollects say the traders hold the beaver in higher regard than their souls. It is noteworthy that the Kebec trading post usually only contains some 50 people. During the winter season it was reduced to some 20 people. They did little farming, only a few vegetables and salad greens.
July 9: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) traveled to Huronia accompanied by ten Indians, and he claims (I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1633) to lend his support to the Huron. It is highly unlikely he traveled without a few of his men. Subsequent events suggest he had at least 14 Frenchmen with him.
August 1: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) arrives at Huronia and meets up with (I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1633) on Lake Huron. He claims he gave him permission to go to the Andastes, south of Iroquois Country.
August 3: (I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1633) guided (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) to the village of Carhagonha (10 miles west Penetanguishee, Ontario). There they met Father (I)-Joseph La Caron (1586-1632).
August 12: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) and his party left for the village of Cahiague on Lake Simco to plan a campaign against the Onondage of the Iroquois Nation.
August 30: (I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1633) departed Cahiague to enlist the aid of the Susquehannahs; a People living south of the Iroquois in Pennsylvania.
September 1: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), with 14 Frenchmen and 500 Huron, departed from Cahiague. They crossed Lake Ontario, entering Iroquois country near Stony Point, New York. They marched toward the Iroquois fort near Syracuse.
September 8: (I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1633) departs Lake Simcoe with his Huron guides and goes to Buffalo at the junction of Lakes Erie and Ontario. He went as far as the Susquehanna River.
October 10: The Onondagas, aware Champlain's invading army, lay in ambush. The fighting lasted for three hours with the Huron receiving the worst of the fight. Champlain withdrew his army the next day and fled for safety.
December 23: The defeated Champlain army returns to Cahiague.
1616
Population of Kebec 64 French
(I)-Claude de Lecoutre dit Lachaisnee de Rouen arrived Kebec this year.
(I)-Louis Hebert while still in France is granted 10 acres of land at Kebec.
The Northern Virginia Company employed John Smith to explore the coast of Northern Virginia (New England) and, this year, his report praised the region. He visited the mouth of the Penobscot River (Maine) which (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) had visited in 1604
France's North American claims are now known as New France but all areas along the St. Lawrence River and around the Gulf are still commonly called Canada.
January 5: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), lieutenant of Marchands de Rouen, with Father Le Caron, visits the Tabacco Nation, south of Nottawasaga Bay.
March 24: Kebec, death (I)-Michel Colin, who was bury by Father Dolbeau.
March 26: William Baffin explored Ellesmere Island and Baffin Bay.
May 22: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) departs Huronia and arrives, on July 11, in Kebec.
June 15: The French opened schools for Indian children at Trois Rivieres and Tadoussac, hoping to convert them to European cultures.
June 17: William Vaughn purchased the Avalon Peninsula where he established a Welsh colony at Trepassby Bay, Newfoundland.
July 15: (I)-Marguerite Vienne arrived Kebec with her husband (not named) and died July 19, 1616, Kebec.
July 20: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) of Marchands de Rouen, only spent 9 days in Kebec before departing for France and humiliation.
November 16: France (I)-Marc Antoine de Brasdefer, sieur de Chasteaufort is believed to have traveled to Kebec shortly after his father died this date. It is assume he arrived Kebec 1617.
1617
Population of Kebec 67 French
(I)-Marc Antoine de Brasdefer, sieur de Chasteaufort likely arrived this year Kebec.
(I)-Abraham Martin dit L'Ecossais (1580-1664) arrived Kabec this year. Others suggest it was 1619. (see 1609 & 1610) They say he arrived with wife Marguerite Langlois b-1611 (b-1592) and their child (II)-Anne Martin b-1614 as they were married 1612 but Marguerite claims they were married 1620, Kebec. Tanguay doesn't list birth place of either party but list second child (II)-Eusiache Martin born 1621, Kebec. Others claim Eusiache was born in France. Some claim Abraham was born 1589, Edinburgh, Scotland son of Jean Martin and Isabelle Cote others claim he was born France. The alleged prize is the Plains of Abraham were named after Abraham. Some claim Marguerite was born 1592 Xiste, Mepelier, France and married 1612 Aunis, France. Others suggest married 1620 France. It is alleged that Champlain in his will dated November 1635, gave Abrahams daughter Marguerite 600 livres in his will, discovered August 1959 by Olga Jurgens , "to help him get married to a man of this country of New France and not otherwise". This is rather strange as no mention is made of his other daughters. The will could be a forgery, or Marguerite is not the daughter of Abraham, maybe of Champlain himself. It should be noted that Abraham on February 15, 1649 was imprisoned for debauching a girl age 16. Some called him this old pig Abraham. It would appear highly likely that Abraham or his wife Marguerite has savage blood. See 1609 &1624 Marguerite Langlois was born 1611 and not married at that time, she is likely a savage. Also see 1610 to add to the confusion.
Father (I)-Le Caron (1586-1732) became superior of the Recollet in New France replacing Father Jamay. At this time Father Paul Huet, Recollet is at Kebec. Father (I)-Mathieu a Recollet arrived Kebec and went to live among the Huron.
A marriage between (I)-Stephen Marie Etienne Jonquest de Normandie and (II)-Anne Herbert, died 1619 in childbirth, performed by Father (I)-Joseph Le Caron (1586-1632), is considered one of the first by a Priest. Some suggest this marriage took place 1618.
(I)-Pierre Magnan, baptised 1627, arrived Kebec 1617, is killed by the Iroquois 1627
(I)-Destouches Peronne de Paris arrived Kebec.
It is estimated that 1,000 ships a season spent the summer on the Grand Banks, along the North Atlantic Coast, and in the St. Lawrence, fishing or trading for furs. Kebec could only attract one farmer, and they had to trick him to get him to agree to immigrate. He was offered 200 crowns a year, but when he arrived, they said it would only be 100 crowns. He was only allowed to farm in his spare time and had to sell to the Company at controlled prices.
The few colonists had to learn survival skills from the Indians; such as snowshoes, toboggans, canoes and agriculture. In short, how to survive and move around in the hostile Canadian environment.
The Compagnie des Marchands de Rouen et de Saint Malo would not give settlers the equipment for agriculture. Even (I)-Louis Hebert (1575-1627) had to sell any surplus to the Company at their price. It is noteworthy that Hebert had planted his first crop in Acadia in 1603-1607. The Priests, however, were allowed to do agriculture to teach the savages by example to form a sedentary life. This is an interesting notion, given the savages have been involved in agriculture for some 5,000 years or more. Other accounts suggest the savages were master farmers who taught the French Canadian agriculture. It is very clear that the various New France Fur Companies did not serve the interests of the settlers, but only their own interests. It is also believed the Priests traded in furs.
Three Rivers (Fort Trois Rivieres) is established as a trading post this year.
March 15: (I)-Jean Nicollet (1598-1762) signed on with the Compagnie des Marchands de Rouen et de Saint Malo to go to New France, arriving in1618.
June 14: (I)-Louis Gaston Hebert (1575-1627), a retired Paris chemist, arrived in Tadoussac, Quebec with his wife, (I)-Marie Rollet (1580-1649), and their three Metis children, (II)-Anne, b-1607, (II)-Guillaume b-1604, and (II)-Marie Guillemette, b1607: Rollet, epouse May 16, 1629, Guillaume Hubou. . He is considered by many to be one of the first Europeans to arrive with a primary focus on agriculture. He did make note that there were a few small gardens planted by the inhabitants when he arrived. He died from a fall in 1627. They say he cleared a small plot of land 10 acres for cultivation and began raising cattle. Others suggest agriculture didn't start until 1628 and that Hebert is only allowed to emigrate if he promised not to serve the Natives as (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) didn't want the Indians hanging around a (drugstore) settlement. (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), however, said he is the first man in Kebec to live on what he grows. It is noteworthy that (I)-Guillaume Couillard Lespinacy (1591-1663), at this time, is also classified as farmer. It is noteworthy that Hebert had planted crops in Acadia in 1603-1607. It is suggested that (I)-Louis Hebert (1575-1627) is in Acadia (1603-1607), and 1610-1613, a conflict with birth of Guillemette of 1606? Tanguay says birth date is 1606, not 1608 and didn't date birth of other children? Tanguay tends to indicate that Anne is the youngest possibly born 1607? All is not well with the history of this family? (see 1602)
1618
Population of Kebec 70 French + 1 marriage
Estache (Eustache) Boulle b-1600 arrived Kebec 1618, afterwards surrenders at Quebec November 19, 1629. Estache is the brother of Helen Boulle wife of Champlain.
Father (I)-Joseph le Caron (1586-1632) wishing to work among the Natives turned over the function of superior to Father d'Olbeau and went to work with the Montagnis at Tadoussac.
(I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) of the Compagnie des Marchands de Rouen et de Saint Malo returned to New France for a brief visit before returning to France.
De La Mothe is in Kebec this year.
(I)-Jean Nicollet de Belleborne (1598-1642) arrived in New France but is back in France on May 10, 1619 and returned 1620.
(I)-Eustache Boulle, b-1600 and brother of Hellna Boulle, wife of Champlain arrived Kebec.
De Lamothe is recorded in Kebec.
(I)-Jean Nicolet, (1598-1642) an interpreter arrived Kebec, it is said he was a man of a happy nature with an excellent memory.
The first know marriage by a priest in New France is between (I)-Joseph Marie Etienne Jonquet de Normandie marriage in Kebec to (II)-Anne Hebert, Metis, b-1607, died 1619 in childbirth, daughter (I)-Louis Herbert (1575-1627) and Marie Rollet d-1649. (See 1602)
Port Royal, Acadia is abandoned and the colony was converted to Cape Fourchu (Port La Tour)
(I)-Modestre Guines a Recollet is at Tadoussac this year.
March 20: The paper was finally created to support the verbal authority for the Recollet to create a mission in New France that included Father (I)-Joseph le Caron (1586-1632) and three other Recollets. It is noteworthy that the Recollets arrived New France 1615.
1619
Population of Kebec 80 French + 1 birth
(I)-Gaspard Boucher married Nicole Lemaine.
(II)-a child is born this year at Kabec, child of (I)-Joseph Marie Etienne Jonquest of Normandie and (II)-Ann Hebert, Metis,.b-1607 or, died 1619.
Kebec, marriage (I)-Guillaume Couillard Lespinacy (1591-1663) married (II)-Marie Guillaumette Herbert, daughter of (I)-Louis Herbert, (1575-1627) and (I)-Marie Rollet (d-1649), some say they married 1621.
Tadoussac, marriage (likely 1609) (I)-Nicolas Marsolet (1587-1677) and Montagnais Woman or Women and they had a number of Metis children. (I)-Etienne Brule (1592-1632) likely also country married and likely also had a number of Metis children about the same time. There is little doubt that these men had the first recorded New France families and their children were Metis. Some consider (I)-Louis Hebert (1575-1627) as the first New France family but this is highly unlikely.
Other families in Kebec claimed to be at this time are recorded on the monument to (I)-Louis Hebert, (1575-1627). This list however is full of errors as noted: Tanguay only lists four families in Kebec in 1629 namely: Jonquest - Couillard - Hubou and Hebert.
(I)-Abraham Martin dit L'Ecossais (1589-1664) married 1613 France (not possible he was in Kebec at this time) or Anne b-1614 is Metis (likely arrived Quebec 1621?) married to (I)-Marguerite Langlois b-1611, epouse February 17, 1665 Rene Branche, They had 3 children born Kebec to 1627 and many more after 1635.. Tanguay is wrong on this one, she is likely savage see 1609 - 1610 & 1624
(I)-Nicolas Marsolet (1587-1677), married 1636 to (I)-Marie Le Barbier b-1619
(I)-Nicolas Pivert married after 1629 to (I)-Marguerite Lesage, died November 29, 1643.
(I)-Pierre Desportes married to Francoise Langlois, (not listed Tanguay)
(I)-Etienne Jonquest married 1618 to (II)-Anne Herbert daughter (I)-Louis Herbert, ( 1575- 1627) and (I)-Marie Rollet (d-1649)
(I)-Oliver Le Tardif (1601-1665) married 1637 to (II)-Louise Couillard (1625-1641) daughter (I)-Guillaume Couillard Lespinacy (1591-1663) married 1621 to (II)-Marie Guillaumette Herbert (1608-1684). Oliver is believed to have come to Kebec as a young boy.
(I)-Jean Nicolet (1598-1642), arrived Kebec 1618, 1st married 1620-1631? a Nipissing savage, 2nd married 1637 to (II)-Marguerite Couillard daughter (I)-Guillaume Couillard Lespinacy (1591-1663) and (II)-Marie Guillaumette Herbert,
(I)-Noel Morin (1616-1680) married 1640 to Helene Des Portes, veuve Guillaume Herbert, daughter Pierre Des Portes and Francoise Langlois.
(I)-Noel Langlois (1606-1684) married 1634 to Francoise Garnier (Grenier) d-1665
(I)-Guillaume Hubou married 1629 to (I)-Marie Rollet (d-1649), epouse 1602 France, (I)-Louis Hebert (1575-1627)
(I)-William Couillard, arrived Kebec 1613, he and his wife took care of Champlains savages that he considered as daughters, during the English occupation.
The passenger list of New Settlers to Kebec in 1619 are:
Robert Anet
Claude Aubert
Felix Aubert
Charles Belanger
Francois Belanger
Jean Guyon Bisson
Rene Brisson
Jean Boucher
Marin Boucher (189-1671)
Pierre Boucher
Bertrand Chesnaye
Charles Chesnaye
Jean Clement
Zacharie Cloutier
Jean Couchon
Michel Desorsis
Michel Esnault
Abraham Fisel
Francois Fortin
Francois Gariepy
Jean Garnier
Charles Gaudin
Francois Gausse
Laurent Gignard
Jacques Goulet
Thomas Granderic
Mace Gravel Bindeliere
Jacques Greslon
Jean Guyon
Simon Guyon
Adrien Hayot
Louis Francois Herert
Nicolas Huot
Michel L'Homme
Jean Juchereeau
Louis Jobidon
Les Heriters Jolliet
Charles La Francois
Pierre Maheust
Zacharie Maheust
Jean Matheu
Pasquere Nonet
Claude Bouchard D'Orval
Jean Ouimet
Raymond Pagets
Robert Pagets
Etienne Pajot
Charles Petiot
Jean Plante
Charles Pouliot
Nicolas Roussin
Pierre St. Denis
Oliver Le Tardiff (1601-1665)
Toussaint Toupin du Sault
Pierre Tremblay
Romain Trepegny
Jean Trudelle
Abel Turcotte
Jacques Vacelin
(I)-Vincent Verdum dit Verdon (1613-1663)
(I)-Jacques Vezina dit Visinat
Pierre Voyer.dit Boyer
Sixty two (62) men landed Kebec, you can be sure that many Metis children were born as a result.
Two French Companies one for fishing and the other for trading on the St. John River, Acadia are established. Three Recollects were assigned to these ventures.
Several Recollects are working on the Baie des Chaleurs and Saint John River, sponsored by Bordeaux merchants. This Company would fold in 1624 and the Recollets would move to Kebec..
The original Acadian inhabitants from 1613 are still living among the Savages having taken Micmac (Mi'kmaq) wives. Acadian settlers came chiefly from the French Provinces of Aunis, Poitou and Saintonage. The Acadian Metis would evolve their own language called Acadian French. Acadian would eventually be spoken on the east coast of Quebec, in New Brunswick, Acadia ( Nova Scotia), Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton Island and in some communities of the St. Lawrence and the Islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The term Acadia was used to describe all these lands including Maine.
Father (I)-Joseph le Caron (1586-1632) is back at Kebec 1619-1622, likely attending to the Orders business.
(I)-Samuel de Champlain's (1567-1635), Governor (1619-29 & 1633-35), contingent includes 80 persons, including three Recollect Fathers, clerks, officers, craftsmen and field laborers. Some contend that agriculture didn't commence until much later, but field laborers with their sickles, scythes and spades suggest planting is in progress from the beginning. This colony had millstones, bulls, heifers and sheep, along with all kinds of grain for sowing.
The first recorded Negro slaves were imported into the Americas by the Dutch in Virginia. The European methodology, based on inherent racism, is to first isolate the slaves from their cultural and their traditions, then to instill in them a sense of inferiority using legal, philosophical, religious, biological and scientific rational. Dehumanization is the objective in order to make them powerless by creating a stereotype of thief, liar, simple, suspicious, inefficient, irresponsible, lazy, superstitious, and loose in sexual relations. The patriarchal domination of all women compounded the misery of the slave woman. It is noteworthy that this was the same strategy employed by the Jesuits against the North American Indians and by the Roman Catholic Church, well into the late 20th century in Canada.
(I)-Jean Nicollet de Belleborne (1598-1642) joined the Algonquin on Allumette Island for the next two years, going where ever they went. He was with 400 Algonquin who entered into peace with the Hiroquois.
(I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) was a Frenchman who years after his death is remembered by the Savages as he who practiced chastity and continence with respect to women, not so the other Frenchmen in New France who practice immodesties and the debauches of several women.
May 24: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) of the Compagnie des Marchands de Rouen et de Saint Malo arrived in Kebec, staying the summer then departing for France on August 28.
August 15: Kebec, (I)-Francois Le Blousart Duplessis a noble Briton arrive Kebec, was killed by a rifle September 1, 1649, Kebec.
FRENCH HISTORY
1620-1625
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