New France begins formal registration of births, marriages and deaths.
Except marriages a la facon du pays (according to Indian customs)
FRENCH HISTORY 1626-1629
FRENCH INDEX Return to Main French INDEX
The Jesuits suggest the savages need to be subjugated
just like
the Romans subjugated Europe.
1620
Population of Kebec 83 French
(I)-Adrien du Chesne (Duchene), a surgeon, from Dieppe arrived Kebec this year. He remained in Kebec with his wife during the English occupation.
Pierre Antoine Pastedechouan a young Montagnais is taken to France for an education in French, Latin and is baptized.
(I)-Abraham Martin dit l'Ecossais, (1589-1664) the father of the bride, (II)-Marguerite Martin, Metis (1624-1679) was one of the earliest colonists of the country. Having arrived before 1610, with his wife, he practiced the trade of royal pilot. His presence in New France, during the occupation by the Kirke brothers, between 1629 and 1632, is not unanimous with historians. Some, following Benjamin Sulte, affirm it strongly. Archange Godbout doubts it. Marcel Trudel and Rene Jette are of the opinion that, he and his family returned to France, which seems to be the case if we believe the observations held by Father Le Jeune, in 1632. (II)-Eustache Martin, Metis, b-1621 the eldest son of Abraham and his sister, Marguerite, were baptized respectively in 1621 and 1623, were the second and third children of White men born at Quebec, the first having been their cousin Helene Desportes, born in 1620, to the marriage of Pierre Desportes and Francoise Langlois. See 1609 - 1610 & 1624.
Guers a commission agent of the Duke Montmorency is in Kebec.
Kebec, baptism (II)-Guillaume Hebert, Metis (1604-1639) son (I)-Louis Hebert, Metis (1575-1727) and (I)-Marie Rollet d-1649; married October 1, 1634, Kebec, Helene Desportes .
(I)-Oliver Tardif dit LeTardif, b-1601, died January 28, 1665, Chateau Richer was in the employ of Samuel de Champlain as interpreter to the Huron Nation. Tardif joined forces with Roch Manitouabewich of the Huron Nation as a guide, scout and traveling companion. Roch and his Huron wife later had a child who they named Marie Oliver Sylvestre, b-1626 in honor of Tardif. Tardif adopted the girl so she could receive a Christian education and at 10 years of age, in 1636 was placed with the family of (I)-Guillaume Hubou, d-1653, and Marie Rollet,d-1649, epouse (I)-Louis Herbert.
(I)-Noel Morin aka Morini (1609-1679) (Morini means brown of skin) arrived Kebec 1619 or 1620, married December 27, 1639, Quebec (II)-Helene Desportes (1620-1675) daughter (I)-Pierre Desportes and Francois Langlois.
Most Frenchmen who took Indian wives, this century in New France, did so a la facon du pays (according to Indian customs), regardless of French marriage laws and customs. Unfortunately most were not recorded or their Metis offspring.
The pirates dominated the coast of New France from 1612 to 1620, having stole 40,800 L and 1,080 fur traders and fishermen who were sold into slavery. This is astonishing considering Kebec only has 60-67 colonists at this time. The Hurons are supplying 50-60% of the French furs, and their other major industry for trade is agriculture.
John Nutt of England with his wife and family lived at Torby, Newfoundland. He captured a French fishing boat and became a pirate 1620 to 1623 and then captured two more French ships.
(I)-Jacques Archambault (venu de France avec sa famille) b-1604, died February 15, 1688, Montreal. married 1629 France, Francoise Toureau, sauvageese, b-1600, died December 9, 1663 Montreal. Some suggest Jacques Archambault married January 24, 1629, France, Francois Toureau, b-1600 France, died December 1663. Others suggest he married Francoise Chanveau b-1599 on January 24, 1629 in France. Others suggest 1st married, January 24, 1620, France, Francois Toureau (Touraude) daughter Francois Toueaude and Marthe Noel; 2nd marriage, June 6, 1666, Trois River, Marie Denote. The children attributed to Jacques and Francoise are Anne b-1621, likely Metis, Marie (I), b-1636, Louise, b-1640, Laurent, b-1642, and Marie (2), b-1644. It is reported that Jacques, Francoise and family arrived Quebec 1645. Also see Tanguay for Francois Toureau. As I see it there are three possibilities, 1. Tanguay made an error, 2. There are two Jacques Archambault in New France, 3. Jacques was in New France in 1620 and returned to France then returned to New France in 1645 and had 3 marriages one a country marriage to a sauvageese in 1620. This may account for one child born 1621 and the next child born 1636. It's possible (I)-Denis Archambault died, August 25, 1651, Montreal, when a canon exploded, and he might be mixed up in this genealogy? Why would Tanguay post this under 1620 and say he came with his family, he had no family at this time? Every time I look at this it gets more messed up. Some say the Archambault family arrived New France, 1656, others say August 5, 1645 and others September 23, 1646. My best guess is we are dealing with more than one Jacques Archambault.
The PRDH and Fischer Original, state the family all came from De Lardillière À Dompierre-Sur-Mer, Aunis, France, and Notary Adhemar reports their birth place as France, also.
SHARLENE BELL-HAUSSMANN says:
The first child I have is Jacques born c1629, (no other mention of him, so may have died in France) then Denis born 1630 then Anne I. the last child, of nine, is Marie II born 1644 in France.
Anne Archambault I - Born 1631 France.
ADHÉMAR -- Fiche biographique
Archambault I, Anne
Informations générales
Sexe féminin
Naissance 1631/01/01 (Dompierre-sur-Mer, Lardillière)
Décès 1699/07/29 (Montréal)
Parents Archambault, Jacques ; Tourault, Françoise
Occupation(s) Connue(s)
Occupation Début Fin Groupe professionnel du chef de famille
inconnue 1678/07/16 1699/07/28 administration civile
Conjoints
Conjoint Début de l'union Fin de l'union
Chauvin dit Sainte-Suzanne, Michel 1647/07/29 1650/09/30
Gervaise, Jean 1654/02/03 1690/03/11
Laurent Archambault
(my gr+ grandfather, wish he were metis, but everything I have found, says he wasn't. Tanquay has made numerous mistakes in his research.)
ADHÉMAR -- Fiche biographique
Archambault, Laurent
Informations générales
Sexe masculin
Naissance 1642/01/10 (Dompierre-sur-Mer, Lardillière)
Décès 1730/04/19 (Pointe-aux-Trembles)
Parents Archambault, Jacques ; Tourault, Françoise
Occupation(s) Connue(s)
Occupation Début Fin Groupe professionnel du chef de famille
cultivateur et charpentier 1672/03/03 1693/03/24 agriculture-grande
Conjoints
Conjoint Début de l'union Fin de l'union
Marchand, Catherine 1660/01/07 1713/02/24
Marie Archambault I
(my gr+grandmother)
ADHÉMAR -- Fiche biographique
Archambault I, Marie
Informations générales
Sexe féminin
Naissance 1636/02/24 (Dompierre-sur-Mer)
Décès 1719/08/16 (Pointe-aux-Trembles)
Parents Archambault, Jacques ; Tourault, Françoise
Occupation(s) Connue(s)
Occupation Début Fin Groupe professionnel du chef de famille
inconnue 1668/04/26 1702/01/21 agriculture-grande
Conjoints
Conjoint Début de l'union Fin de l'union
Tessier dit Lavigne, UrbainI_ 1648/09/28 1689/03/20
Port La Tour, Acadia, birth Andre Lasner, Metis son Louis Lasnier of Dieppe and Indian woman. Some believe this is the first recorded Metis birth in North America.
(II)-Anne Herbert, died Kebec, 1620, daughter, (I)-Louis Herbert, born 1575, died January 25, 1627, and (I)-Marie Rollet (d-1649); was married to (I)-Etienne Jonquit.
There is only sixty-seven official colonists, including women and children, in Fort Kebec (Quebec) at this time. Included are four French Recollects that are an offshoot of the Franciscan. The Franciscan or Minoritie are an old order, being established in 1223. The Franciscans are not popular with the Curia, as they demanded absolute poverty to awaken popular piety and scientific works. The Franciscan established themselves at St. Charles River. These first priests are Father's Joseph Le Caron (1586-1632), Jean D'Olbeau, Dennis Jamey and Pacifique du Plessis. Father Jean D'Olbeau said the first mass in New France, then removed himself to the Tadoussac Trading Post. Carbon attached himself to the Wendat Nation. This would imply that 15 colonists either died, returned to France or are in the country as free traders?
Kabec begins to fortify their fort.
The free fur traders established a trading post called Palace Royal at Hochelaga (Ville-Marie Montreal). The Catholic Priests would later consider these free traders as having the instincts and morals of pirates. They would call them Coureurs des Bois. The priests would come to believe that free thinking and free trading pose a considerable threat to the fur trade and religious monopoly. Their thinking is consistent with the rising French philosophy of absolutism; one King, one Religion. Because of this absolutism belief, the Church historians largely ignore the contribution of the early Coureurs des Bois in opening up the continent. Unfortunately, they had to glorify some lesser men or claim the glory for themselves. Meanwhile, the Wendat (Huron) are building upon their farming and trading empire and are the major merchant center in New France. They would supply New France with beans and corn. Later tobacco would become a major trade item.
Few European women survived in New England, and the Company of Virginia undertook the recruitment of young and uncorrupted maids for Jamestown. The population of Jamestown, Virginia drops from 1,000 to 866 due to death or abandonment. The English Puritans who seceded from the Church of England exiled in the Netherlands, obtained patent for a settlement near the Hudson River in Southern Virginia. The Mayflower arrived on November 9, 1620 at Cape Cod (Provincetown) harbor. This location is outside Virginia, making their patent useless, so they claimed their own liberty, as none had the power to command them. They established a civil body politic, claiming submission and obedience to just and equal laws. They relocated to Plymouth on December 16 and, by spring, 52 of the 102 died. The Wampanoag Indians showed them how to plant and cultivate corn. They eventually would trade corn for beaver pelts.
(I)-Jean Nicolet de Belleborne (1598-1642) lived among the Algonquians of Allumette Island on the Ottawa River and Nipissing until 1620-1621. He spent the next 8-9 years(1622-1630/31) with the Algonquin Nipissiriniens at Lake Nipissing.. The French called the Nipissings the Nation des Sorciers. He traveled Green Bay and the Fox and Illinois Rivers. He had his own cabin which likely suggests he had a family. He married likely about 1622-1630) a Nipissing woman b-1610 and had a daughter Madeleine Euphrosine Nicolet. Metis, born 1623-1631) and a 2nd marriage October 7, 1737, Kebec, (II)-Marguerite Couillard, Metis, b-1626
Father Joseph de la Roche, a Recollect, became a missionary to Kebec.
The Company of de Caen is created led by the De Caens, Guillaume Robin, Jacques de Troyes and Francois Herve, merchants; Francois de Troyes, chief of Royal Finances at Orleans, Claude le Ragois, receiver general of finance at Limoges; Pierre de Verton, counselor secretary of the King and others.
The first fort to occupy the top of the cliff at Quebec City was the one (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) constructed in 1620. It consisted of a few wooden buildings surrounded by a palisade.
New France begins formal registration of births, marriages and deaths at Kebec. Country marriages are not acknowledged.
The Recollets built a convent and chapel in 1620-1621 on St. Charles River, about one half a French league from Fort Kebec. They named it Notre Dame des Anges (on the site of the future General Hospital).
February 25: (I)-Henri II, Duc de Montmorency (1595-1632), is appointed Viceroy of New France, and (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) is confirmed as his lieutenant. He began construction of Fort Saint Louis on the cliff at Fort Kebec (Quebec). Henri II, Duc de Montmorency (1595-1632), Grand Admiral of France, had bought Prince de Conde's interests, and he established Compagne de Montmorency for la Nouvelle France that gave a trade monopoly to Guillaume William de Caen, a merchant, and Calvinist and his cousin Emary, a naval Captain. He had an eleven-year trade monopoly that required he established six Recollects at Kebec and settle six French families per year. He is told to not annoy the Fathers or any of the Orthodox Christians. The Company of De Caen included Guillaume Robin, Jacques De Troyes, Francois Herve, Francois De Troyes, Claude Le Ragois, Pierre De Verton and others.
May 8: (I)-Helene Boulle born 1598 and married 1610 to (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) arrived at Kebec with her husband and four women servants.
June 3: The Recollets laid the cornerstone of the first stone church and convent in Kebec, Notre Dame des Anges on the St. Charles river, about 1/2 league from Fort of Kebec.
July 20, (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), an employee of The Company of De Caen, arrived in Kebec and began construction of Fort Saint Louis on Cap aux Diamants, on the cliff at Kebec.
August 30: family arrived Quebec, (I)-Abraham Martin, dit I'ecossois (1589-1664) a Scotsman, with 2nd wife Marguerite Langlois b-1611 he married this year in France, (not likely see 1609 - 1610 & 1624) her sister (I)-Francoise Langlois b-1600 who married December 31, 1620, France, (I)-Pierre Desportes, b-1600 and daughter (II)-Anne Martin. It is noteworthy that the Plains of Abraham is named after Martin. (I)- Pierre Desportes, b-1600 married December 31, 1620, France (I)- Francoise Langlois (1599-1629). This appears highly unlikely as Francoise was already in Kebec. Others suggest Martin & Desportes arrived Kebec in 1619 or 1620. Some suggest both families stayed in Kebec during the English occupation, while others say they were deported. It is noteworthy that (II)-Helene Desportes (1620-1675) daughter (I)-Pierre Desportes and (I)-Francois Langlois arrived this date, this year so it not likely they were married in December this year in France. This conflicting information could suggest Francois might be Indian or Metis?? Some suggest Tanguay made an error and (II)-Helene Desportes was b-1601?
November 8: Henri, Duc de Montmorency (1595-1632), Viceroy of New France, bought the Prince de Conde's commercial interests and established the Compagnie de Montmorency pour la Nouvelle France which gave a monopoly to Guillaume de Caen and his cousin Emery.
December: Gape Cod, the colonists discovered a corpse with blond hair and assumed he was from a French shipwreck a few years earlier.
1621
Population of Kebec 85 French + 1 marriage + 1 birth
George Baltimore established a colony in Placentia Bay (Avalon), Newfoundland but was abandon in 1629.
(I)-Robert Giffard (1587-1658), a physician arrived and stayed Kebec until 1627 and had his own cabin in the woods. Others say he was in Kebec (1627-1629). see 1628 re, attempt to marry Indian girl.
(I)-Jacques Alard, Halard et Allard dit Labarre arrived Kebec this year.
(II)-Anne Archambault, Metis b-1621, died July 30, 1699 Montreal, daughter (I)-Jacques Archambault (1604-1688), and Francloise Toureau, sauvageese, (1600-1663); married February 3, 1654, Jean Gervaise. Not listed as a family in 1629 in Kebec.
(I)-Rounier arried Kebec from Duponf
(I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1633) is in Georgian Bay this year.
(I)-Emery de Caen arrived Kebec this year and visited Kebec every year. He was provisional governor during Champlain absence and (1632-1633)
(I)-Jacques Alard Halard et Allard dit Labarre arrived Quebec 1621 and is at Tadoussac in 1624.
(I)-Greffler Nicolas is at Kebec this year
(I)-Pierre Roy is living Kebec this year.
The mission Quebec de la Province de Quebec is established this year.
The Parish registers of New France contain about 300,000 entries describing all Catholic baptisms, weddings and funerals from 1621 to 1760 with very few missing records. The main reason was to guard against bigamy and consanguineous marriages. All French Canadians can trace their ancestors to some 10,000 French settlers. Only 27,000 Frenchmen came to Canada but 2/3rds returned to France, leaving no recorded descendents. The British, in the same period, would send over one million to America. Unfortunately, many of the mixed blood children would go unreported.
(I)-Abraham Martin's wife Marguerite Langlois, Metis, b-1611 (not likely see 1609 - 1610 & 1624) had the first (5th known) European child born in New France named (II)-Eustache Martin. The first known children were born 1610, 1611, 1619 and 1621 Kebec. The Metis children born New France are not considered European. This, of course, excludes the Viking, Basque, Spanish, Chinese and other previously born aliens, to say nothing of the mixed blood children. The Europeans, as a culture, is driven by a masochistic fetish to be recognized as the first to see or do in hopes of being recorded in history. This cultural inferiority complex appears very deeply rooted.
Jamestown, Virginia population stands at 843, down 23 from last year, even given the the influx of 1051 settlers this year. It is interesting to note that England began to diversify the Virginia economy by purchasing vines and olive trees from France for the colonies. France had no such self-sufficient policies for her colonies.
January 3: Henri, Duc de Montmorency (1595-1632), Viceroy of New France, named Guillaume de Caen, General of the Fleet of the new company known as the Compagnie de Caen. The company gained an 11 year monopoly of trade in the St. Lawrence River valley. The had to maintain six Recollet priests at Kebec, settle six families per year and not trade in arms with the savages.
June 3: The Dutch West India Company is created this year, as successor to the United New Netherlands Company chartered in October 11, 1614, and is trading guns to the Iroquois.
August 16: (I)-Oliver Le Tardif (1601-1665) signed a petition in Kebec to settle company disputes by Royal authority.
August 26: Kebec, marriage (II)-Guillemette Hebert, Metis b-1606, died October 20, 1684, Quebec, daughter (I)-Louis Hebert (1575-1727) and (I)-Marie Rollet d-1649; married August 26, 1621, Kebec, Guillaume Couillard (see 1602)
August 26: Kebec, marriage (I)-Guillaume Couillard Lespinacy (1591-1663) who some say preceded the Herbert's to Kebec. married (II)-Marie Guillaumette Herbert,Metis, (1606-1684), daughter of (I)-Louis Herbert, born 1575 died January 25, 1627 and (I)-Marie Rollet (d-1649) (some suggest she died May 27, 1619). It is believed Couillard is the second recorded marriage in Kebec.(see 1602)
TEN CHILDREN ARE RECORDED
(II)-Louise Couillard (1625-1641), Kebec,
(II)-Marguerite Couillard, (1626-1705), Kebec
(II)-Louis Couillard, b-1629, Kebec
(II)-Elizabeth Couillard, b-1631, Kebec, died 1704 Chateau Richer
(II)-Marie Couillard, , b-1633, Kebec
(II)-Guillaume Couillard, b-1635, Kebec
(II)-Madeleine Couillard, b-1639, Kebec
(II)-Nocolas Couillard, (1641-1661), Kebec
(II)-Gertrude Couillard, (1648-1664), Kebec
(II)-Charles Couillard (1647-1715) Kebec
September 10: King James I of Great Britain ignored the French Acadian claims and granted Acadia ( Nova Scotia), New Brunswick and Cape Gaspe to the St. Croix River in fact all of Canada to (I)-William Alexander (1577/80-1640); a Scott. Alexander had convinced the King that he needed a New Scotlande comparable to New France, New Holland and New England. (I)-Alexander was made Lord Proprietor of the new territory, Acadia, to be called Nova Scotia. Alexander was to setup a colony called New Scotlande. (I)-Alexander however was unable to establish a settlement in the next six years. The term New Scotlande in Latin reads Nova Scotia.
October 24: Kebec, birth (II)-Eustache Martin, Metis, b-1621, Kebec, son of (I)-Abraham Martin dit L'Ecossais, b-1589, died September 8, 1664, Quebec and possibly a Matchonon (Huron) Savage and or Marguerite Langlois, Metis b-1611; See 1609 - 1610 & 1624.
1622
Population of Kebec 69 French + 16 Huron
(I)-Le Baillif, a native of Amiens, France arrived Tadoussuc. (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) claimed he was a vicious man.
(I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1632) and Grenolle met with the Ojibwa at Sault Ste Marie.
Guillaume Poulin, the Recollect, reached the Nipissing and encountered the Iroquois, suffering torture at their hands.
The Virginia Company allowed any Englishman who agreed to take 250 people to Virginia at his own expense, to choose a tract of land in the colony, of 1,250 acres or more. He would be given the powers of local self-government. Unfortunately, they didn't negotiate the land acquisition with the inhabiting Indians. Powhatan, the brother of Pocahontas, died, and his brother, Opechancanough, resented the steady encroachment of the English on their cornfields. The Indians attacked the English, killing 347 colonists in Virginia.
A settlement is begun at Piscataquia (Kittery Point, Maine) and Monhegan Island, Maine.
March 20: Louis XIII merged the Compagne de Montmorency and the older Compagne des Matchands de Rouen and de Saint Malo, under the direction of the William de Caens- a Calvinist.
June: (I)-William Alexander (1577/80-1640) sent colonists from Scotland to Acadia ( Nova Scotia), but they wintered at St. John's, Newfoundland.
1623
Population of Kebec 36 French + 16 Huron
(I)-Etienne Brule an intermediary for the Hurons and French since 1611 came to Kebec with Desmaris. Etienne was given over to the English, he was killed and eaten by the Hurons.
(I)-Jean Le Cocq was killed by a block at Kebec.
(I)-Louis Hebert (1575-1627) is granted more land at Kebec. He was granted 10 acres in 1616.
(II)-Charles La Tour (1595-1665) 1st married an Micmac Indian Woman and they had 3 Metis daughters and one Metis son. One daughter Antoinette became an Ursuline nun. He had a second marriage to Francois Jacquelin to improve his standing in France she was more of a business partner. He was likely a bigamist.
(I)-Jean Le Cocq, died 1623 Kebec.
(I)-Oliver Le Tardif (1601-1665) is serving as an interpreter, that he was proficient in the Montagnais, Algonkin, and Huron dialects.
A road was completed to the upper town of Kebec.
A delegation of western savages arrived in Kebec to trade, and they complained that the Huron and some Algonkin had held them up and robbed them of much of their cargo, as they were being bypassed in trade.
Father (I)-Nicolas Viel, d-1625, a Recollet, and lay brother (I)-Gabriel Sagard Theodat d-1636, visited the Huron (Wendat). Friar (I)-Gabriel Sagard Theodat d-1636, a Recollet considered the savages quite kind, more so than many civilized people, but he condemned their religious ignorance and stressed the need for them to learn to live like Frenchmen. The missionaries found the savages going about naked most disconcerting. Trial marriage also disturbed them, but the Huron could not understand why these French are so coy when other Frenchmen previously encountered had not rejected the advances of the young unmarried girls. Friar (I)-Gabrial Sagard noted that several French men are in the interior; one 100 leagues north of the lakes, with the Neutrals and Tobacco nations. This is likely a second hand story, as the Neutrals and Tobacco Nations are south of the lakes.
Friar Gabriel Theodat Sagard, a Recollet complained bitterly of the hardships endured by traveling and living with the savages when they established a mission at Quienonascaran.
Fort Nassau (Gloucester, New Jersey) is established this year.
Fort Orange is established on the Hudson River, New York.
(I)-William Alexander (1577/80-1640) and his settlers arrived Cape Sable but found the region in full possession by the French so he returned to England.
Since I came out of the ship, I never ate anything but peas, and loblollie (that is water gruel) as for deer or venison I never saw any since I came into this land, there is indeed some fowl, but we are not allowed to go, and get it, but must work hard both early, and later for a mess of water gruel, and a mouthful of bread, and beef, a mouthful of bread for a penny loaf must serve for 4 men....--Richard Frethorne, 1623
February 4: Henri II, Due de Montmorency (1595-1632), Grand Admiral of France, began the feudal land system in Canada by granting the fief of Sault au Matelot to (I)-Louis Herbert (1575-1627). This grant is based on an assumption that all lands discovered belong to the King. Originally, most people believed God owned all the lands and men were only the caretakers. When ancient Middle East peoples invented the belief that Kings are gods, a natural conclusion is a belief that the King owned the land.
April 7: George Calvert (1580-1632) obtained a Royal Charter for the Province of Avalon, Newfoundland, which he acquired from William Vaughn.
June 28: (I)-Gabriel Theodat Sagard a Recollet frier, d-1636 arrived this date Kebec. He would return to France in 1625 to write a history of New France. He was possessed with Demonic possessions and of diabolical apparitions. He had an undeniable credulousness. It was his testimony that destroyed (I)-Etienne Brule (1591-1633) reputation with (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635). It's possible he also poisoned the Huron mind against Brule and the belief he was killed because of immorality with the Indian women..
1624
Population of Kebec 47 French + 10 Huron + 1 birth
(I)-Pilote Gascoin arrived Kabec this year.
(I)-Jacques Alard Halard et Allard dit Labarre arrived Quebec 1621 and is at Tadoussac in 1624.
(I)-Acadia, marriage Charles de LaTour to a Louise Sauvagesse, d-1704. Charles married a native woman of the First Nations in 1624 and he had a daughter, (II)-Jeanne de LaTour, Metis born in 1625, who married c. 1655 Martin de Martignon d'Apprendisteguy, a Basque who raised his Metis family in La Rochelle, France. Charles had previously had other children including a son by another Indian woman who was named (II)-Stephen La Tour, Metis. It's highly likely Martins Metis children returned to New France maybe under the sir name Martin as Basques were not appreciated in New France. (See 1642 Pierre Martin, very interesting?)
(I)-Nicolas Pivert and wife Marguerite Lesage, d-November 20, 1643 Kebec are living Kebec at this time.
(I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), lieutenant of the Compagnie de Chaen, laid the cornerstone for a new stone Habitation at Kebec on the site of the original one.
Only Father (I)-Le Caron, (1586-1632) Recollet, remained at the mission Quienonascaran, Huronia to service 30,000 Savages.
The Recollet Gabriel Sagard, d-1636 began his campaign to discredit (I)-Etienne Brue (Brule) (1592-1632) because of his loose morals with his Country wife a Huron with whom he fathered a number of Metis children. Sagard also claimed Brule was working with the free trading fur merchants.
The Recollet had established six missions in New France: Tadoussac, Kebec, Trois Rivieres, Carhagouha in Huron Country, and one among the Nipissing. Another location is Acadia on St. John River being established in 1619 and closed 1624. The Recollet by their charter were forbidden to own property. Trois Rivieres was a major historic trading center and was occupied by the French free traders during the English occupation.
The Iroquois came to trade and make peace with the Huron and Algonkin. Champlain agreed to mediate and could have achieved a lasting peace. The Company Directors, however were horrified, as peace would allow the savages to divert some of the trade to the Dutch. This all or nothing philosophy, derived from One God, One King, One Church principle, is the foundation of war. The French failed to understand that the Indians had practiced free trade for generations. The Indians also practiced the freedom of religion. The French would instigate measures to ensure that peace was not achieved.
A peace treaty is established between the French, Algonquins, Wendat (Huron) and the Iroquois.
Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis duc de Richelieu, (1585-1642), at age 39 years, became Chief Minister to the French Crown until 1642. He, in effect controlled France and, therefore, became the absolute master of New France. He imposed a New France monopoly on all commerce and proclaimed equal rights to all baptized Natives. Church and State would later repeal this order. He basically imposed absolutism on New France. Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis duc de Richelieu, (1585-1642), believed that the colonies exist to enrich the mother country by exporting raw materials and by importing finished manufactured products. This philosophy, with slight modifications, became entrenched into Canadian culture and survives, especially in the Liberal Party, into the twenty first century.
Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis duc de Richelieu, (1585-1642), began recruiting a hundred French-Roman Catholic men of wealth and affluence to make a covenant with the King for control of New France. (VIII)-Francis Xavier Garneau, however, would later write that Cardinal Richelieu committed a 'great mistake' when he consented to exclude the Protestants from New France. Xavier fully understood the implications of not giving equal rights to Protestants or non-baptized persons. The Roman Catholic Church contributed to the creation of a cast system in Canada that would remain into current times. As a result many mixed marriages and Metis offspring were not recognized.
The Company of New France was personally controlled and managed by Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis duc de Richelieu, (1585-1642). The Company was given authority over America from Florida to the Artic Circle, from New Found Land to Lake Huron. Only Roman Catholics were allowed to join and no Huguenot or foreigner is allowed into New France.
Gabriel Sagard, the Recollet, denounced (I)- Etienne Brule (1591-1633), claiming he was working for the fur merchants who were opponents of Compagnie de Chaen. This is likely a false allegation because Brule had a country wife and fathered a number of Metis children and the Recollet considered this an immoral act, Demonic possession.
The Dutch West India Company established Fort Orange (Albany).
Robert Gorges established a colony at Agamenticus (York, Maine).
Helen Boulle departed Tadoussac for France
--Journals of the Virginia House of Burgesses, 1624, on life in Virginia during the Starving Times
So lamentable was our scarcity that we were constrained to eat dogs, cats, rats, snakes, toadstools, horsehides, and what not. One man out of the misery he endured, killing his wife, powdered her up to eat her, for which he was burned. Many besides fed on the corpses of dead men, and one who had gotten insatiable out of custom to that food could not be restrained until such time as he was executed for it.
January 4: Kebec, baptism, (II)-Marguerite Martin, the daughter of (I)-Abraham Martin dit L'ecossais (1589-1664) and Marguerite Langlois, (Metis or savage), b-1611, was baptized at Quebec, on January 4, 1624 and displayed the freshness of her thirteen years against the mature thirties that her suitor had already accumulated. The young girl was assisted by her godfather and godmother, Nicolas Pivert and Marguerite Lesage and Guillaume Hebert . What probably appeared to her as a fortune was the 200 livres promised from her groom to her, plus a dowry of 50 livres. The couple benefited also from the 100 livres in silver which Abraham Martin gave Etienne after the wedding, plus utensils and clothes valued at 64 livres. The godfather and godmother, who had no children, also gave a gift of 100 livres, in silver, several articles of clothing and utensils appraised at 260 livres, for a total value of 524 livres. Also noted was the presence of Guillaume Hebert, Olivier Tardif/LeTardif, general clerk and Adrien Duchesne, the first surgeon of Quebec. Also see 1609 - 1610
January 4: (II)-Marguerite Martin, Metis, born January 4, 1624, Kebec, died November 25, 1679, Chateau Richer, daughter (I)-Abraham Martin dit L'ecossais, (1589-1664) and savage and or Marguerite Langlois, Metis, b-1611?); married May 22, 1638, Kebec, (I)-Etienne Racine (1607-1689). Thierry Des Dames is godfather of (II)-Marguerite Martin, a girl of (I)-Abraham Martin, in 1624, Kebec . Marguerite Lesage, wife of (I)-Nicolas Pivert is godmother to (II)-Marguerite Martin.
August 15: (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), lieutenant of the Compagnie de Chaen, departed Kebec, arriving at Dieppe, France on October 1.
October 18: King James I created the order of Knights Baronet of Acadia ( Nova Scotia). Any man could become a Baronet of Acadia ( Nova Scotia) if he lived on his grant of land or paid £150.
September: One of the Compagnie de Caen's vessels, on its way to New France, is captured by the Turks, and the Frenchmen are carried away as slaves.
1625
Population of Kebec 59 French + 1 birth
(I)-Marin Boucher (1589-1671) married Julienne Barry (Baril), possible daughter (I)-Jean Barry, d-1658, servant Lambert, one son born 1626 (II)-Francois Boucher b-1626 Not included in Tanguy list families in 1629. 2nd marriage 1632 Perinne Malet (1606-1687), neither women are mentioned anywhere, therefore possible savages?
Some contend (I)-Etienne Brule (1592-1632) was in the Detroit area 1625/1626.
(II)-Louise Couillard, Metis, b-1625 Kebec, daughter (I)-Guillaume Concillard and (II)-Guillemette Hebert, Metis, b-1606. (see 1602)
Jean Juchereau d-1661, Quebec, married 1625, (I)-Marie Langlois, died January 15, 1661, Quebec.
Acadia, marriage (II)-Charles De Saint Etienne De La Tour (1595-1665) son (I)-Claudew De Saint Etienne De La Tour; married Acadia Louise Mi'Kmaq a native person; the had four children (III)-Jeanne La Tour, Metis, who married Martin d'Aprendestiguy de Martigon' (III)-Antoinette La Tour, Metis, who became a nun, (III)-Marie La Tour, Metis, who also became a nun and possibly a Metis son. The marriage was blessed in 1626 and the children were baptized . (III)-Stephen LaTour Metis a son of (II)-Charles LaTour was recorded as traveling with his father.
(II)-"Charles LaTour traveled the woods with 18 or 20 men, mingled with the savages and lived an infamous and libertine life, without any practice of religion, not even bothering to baptize the children they procreated and instead abandoned them to their poor, miserable mothers as the coureurs de bois still do today. These half-breed children, called METIS by the French, became some of the staunchest allies of the first French families of Acadia. Many of them were baptized by French missionaries and clung to the faith of their fathers. They diligently pursued the trade in furs that sealed the relationship between the worlds of their fathers and their mothers."
Pierre Antoine Pastedechouan a young Montagnais is taken to France in 1620 for an education in French, Latin and is baptized and returned to Kebec this year..
Father/brother? Nicolas Viel, d-1625, a Recollet Father/brother left a dictionary of the Huron (Wendat) language. He died in the rapids of Sault-au-Recollet. The Jesuits lied and told France that the Recollets didn't understand the Huron language. This was a cover up for their difficulty in learning the language.
The Jesuit (Black Robes) arrived Kebec this year. They resided with the Recolet Fathers as there was no room at Fort Kebec. Their effort to impose alien religion upon the savages was appreciated by few. The Jesuits were impervious to criticism on this score, believing that any unconvinced of the savages, was a small price to pay for salvation. Despite their diligent efforts, the number of actual converts remained small. The Jesuit were also impervious to the savage claim that they were spreading disease and were the main reason for the fall of the Huron Nation.
Friar Gabrial Sagard, d-1636 of the Recolettes wrote: The country is almost uninhabited (by the French) and uncultivated (less than 15 acres) and this through the negligence and lack of interest of the merchants who hitherto have been satisfied to get furs and profits out of it without having been willing to make any outlay for cultivation, settlement, or progress of the country. It is noteworthy that the French trading establishment Kebec numbered less than 70 people, and the religious, themselves refused to cultivate their own needs, expecting handouts from the garrison and Savages.
(II)-Charles (Turgis) de Saint-Etienne de La Tour (1595-1665), son (I)-Claude La Tour; 1st married 1625, Acadia, a Mi'Kmaw woman (1st of three marriages) daughter Chief Membertou. They had three daughters and one son. (III)-Jeanne de Saint-Etienne de la Tour, Metis, born this year, who married 1655 Pentagouet, Acadia, d'Apprendestiguy de Martignon. 2nd marriage La Tour put aside his Indian family and entered into a apologists union with Francoise Jacqueune, a Huguenot who died 1645: 3rd marriage February 24, 1653, Madamine d'Aulnay widow Charles d'Aulnay de Charinsay (1605-1650)
Father Nicolas Viel, d-1625 a Recollect drowned in the rapids, some suggest he drown in 1624 having only arrived June 28, 1623. Others suggest in the summer of 1625 on a voyage with the Huron to Kebec, the Huron threw him to his death with his disciples in the rapids above Hochelaga (Montreal), which from that time was named Sault au Recollet. Other accounts suggest they were killed for being witches and then they threw them into the river.
The historical period of 1625 to1658 is dominated by the Jesuits Relations Historia; a collection of Canadian missionary letters highly edited under censorship from a Jesuit perspective. The Jesuit Relations is a biased embellished plea for canonization based on the glories of martyrdom. The Jesuits are religious activists, organized along military lines. The Jesuit Order has wealth and power, along with access to the purse of the wealthy in France. The Jesuits are very familiar with the writings of Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca (1490-1557) who lived among the Indians (1527-1537) and who urged a peaceful winning of the Indians to King and Church, saying that the Indians believed in God, heaven and the brotherhood of man and that the Indians are cultured, the Spanish and English being the real savages. The question becomes why, then, do the Jesuits pursue such an anti-Christian course of action. The answer is reflected in three of the rules of the Jesuit Order established by St. Ignatius Loyola.
Some suggest I and the world are being unjust towards the actions of the Jesuits, that is why I have added these old world and new world comments. Their rules and actions are not supported by scripture as some contend. Finally, the civil courts are ruling on religious value cases, as the religious are unable to manage their own cultural sets of beliefs and values. We, however, still have a long way to go to right the wrongs of the past four hundred years.
The Jesuits Relations (1632-1673) speaks for itself. It deals with the conversion of the savages in the New Country. The Jesuits deliberately do not name men who are in their disfavor so as not to immortalize them. The Jesuits suggest the savages need to be subjugated just like the Romans subjugated Europe. The Jesuits apply this analogy to the Roman Catholic Church. Subjugation is considered a virtue, provided the Church is the subjugator. The fear of the Jesuits was well founded as, later, most agreed the Jesuits were extremely wicked men, the sepulchers of piety and religion, and ought to be destroyed and driven out of New France because they lacked integrity. All of Europe would eventually agree with this position and demand that they be driven out of Europe. The First of the Jesuit Blackrobes to arrive in the Canadian River Valley (St. Lawrence) are Charles Lalemant (1587-1674), Masse and Jean de Brebeuf (1593-1649) this year.
The Compagnie de Caen had sent out no settlers. Very little land is under cultivation, and the Huguenot Christians and Roman Catholic Christians are constantly squabbling. The colony had little to show for nearly twenty years effort.
This year, in ten days, pirates had seized 27 ships and 200 men off the New France coastal waters.
The savages presented three little girls to (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) to compensate for the killing of two Frenchmen and also to avert famine and to cement treaty. Champlain accepted the girls, although a French surgeon had asked for a savage girl as a wife and been refused by the French council.
New Netherlands in the Hudson River Valley has 200 settlers.
It is believed that Riviere des Prairies located in the northern portion of the Island of Montreal was named by (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) because his companion Francois des Prairies was lost there.
(I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) is ordered back to France and (I)-William de Caen, a Calvinist, replaces him. The Jesuit immediately began to conspire against (I)-William de Caen, blaming him for the poor reception of the Jesuits. (I)-Raymond de la Ralde would replace him by the following year.
January: Henri II, Duc de Montmorency (1595-1632), Grand Admiral of France and Viceroy of New France, resigned in favor of his nephew, Henri de Levis, Duc de Vantadour, who became Viceroy. (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) remained as a lieutenant of the Compagnie de Chaen
January 30: Kebec, birth (II)-Louise Couillard, Metis died November 23, 1641, Kebec daughter (I)-Guillaume Couillard, d-1663 and (II)-Guillemette Herbert, Metis (1606-1684); married November 3, 1637, Kebec, Oliver LeTardif, (see 1602)
April 1: Acadia ( Nova Scotia) was divided into two provinces with counties, bishoprics and baronetcies.
April 26: The Jesuits: (I)- Jean de Brebeuf (1593-1649), Father Superior (I)- Charles Lalemant (1587-1674) and Father (I)- Enemond (Ennemond) Massie (1574-1646), with two lay brothers: (I)- Francois Charton and (I)- Gilbert Burel, arrived in Kebec (Quebec) on June 19, being the first of their Order. They are not well received either in the settlement or the Fort, and it is suggested they return to France. Only the Recollet Fathers would take them in out of charity. (I)-Jean de Brebeuf eventually went to live with the Huron (Wendat), and the rest remained near Fort Kebec. The Recollet missionary Father (I)- Nicholas Viel is deliberately drown in the Ottawa River near the Mountain of Hochelaga (Montreal). He is considered the first martyr in Canada. The Jesuit considered the Algonquin and Montagnais Savages as wretched tribes with universal ignorance and with moral depravity, idolatry, brutal savagery and foul nudity which are universal. Most New France citizens disliked the Jesuits and ignored Father (I)- Charles Lalemant (1587-1674), refusing to attend his services. Father (I)- Charles Lalemant is also known as Lallemant, L'Alemand, L'Amand, and Allemand. His birth is recorded as 1593 and November 17, 1587.
August 12: The mayor of Plymouth reported that 27 ships and 200 men had been taken in 10 days by pirates.
August 27: On the north eastern corner of Cape Breton the 48 gun, 600 ton, French man-of-war, the pride of the French navy the Le Chameau (the camel) was lost. All aboard, 316 persons perished and 180 bodies washed up on shore. Included in the dead were Me De Chazel, new Intendant of Quebec, de Louvigny, Governor Three Rivers and Jacques L'Hermitte a military engineer. Included were new recruits for Louisbourg, soms as young as age 14.
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