INDIAN HISTORY 1700 - 1749

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Negroes are heathenish, brutish, an uncertain dangerous kind of people unfit to be governed by British Law, 
they are to be governed by a harsh punitive code.

The Indian savages are also considered as slave material.

The god of the Christians is dead.
He was made of rotten Wood
(Pope, San Juan Pueblo)

The white man does not obey the Great Spirit
that is why the People could never agree with him
(Flying Hawk, Oglala Lakota)

1660 

The Ojibwa from West Lake Superior (likely La Pointe) informed the French (Grosillere's party) of the geography of North America. They explained there are four salt seas one to the East, one to the North, one to the West and one to the south. They explained it is a 8-10 day journey north of Lake Superior to the Hudson Bay. They explained that the People 60 leagues to the west of Lake Superior have been obtaining European trade goods from St. Espirt in the Gulf of Mexico.

It is reported that one thousand Ojibwa gathered at Mish-i-nim-auk-in-ong ( Michilimackinac) later known as Mackinac and Sault Ste. Marie this year to trade and debate the Iroquois situation.

The Paugusset an Algonquian People who lived along the Naugatuck and Housatonic Rivers in Connecticut are alleged to have sold there lands to the encroaching settlers.  They also had villages at Milford and Naugatuck.

The Shawanoes, a wandering Nation, occupied Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, and later emigrated to the Wabash River country.  The Chickasaws occupied Kentucky and Tennessee.  Father Zenobe Membre recorded, though savage, seem generally of very good disposition, affable, obliging and docile.  They are very different from out Canada Indians in their houses, dress, manners, and customs, and even in the form of their head, for theirs is very flat.  They have large public squares, games, and assemblies.  They seem very lively and active, their chiefs possess all the authority.  They have their valets and officers, who follow and serve them everywhere.  They also have axes and guns, which they procure from the Spanish 65 or more leagues off. 

Peter Stuyvesant (1592-1672), a Dutchman and governor of New Netherlands, takes Delaware children hostage to control the Delaware Nation's behavior.   In 1664 the English took control of New Netherlands because he was a dictatorial and unpopular governor and the settlers refused to take up arms against the English. 

1661  

The Dakota (Sioux) People meet with Radisson and Groseillier and requested an alliance to protect them from the attacks of the Christinos (Woodland Cree supported by the French).  The Woodland Cree would later be referred to as the Prairie Cree.  These Cree are trading from the Hudson Bay to Sault Ste. Marie.  The Hudson Bay Company is fully aware and is encouraging the Cree to subject their neighbors.

Cape Fear Indians who lived at the mouth of Cape Fear River, North Carolina drove the English from their settlement in this area.  The English had taken a number of their children sending them to England for an education or so they claimed.

The Barbados Slave Code is created as an English standard: Negroes are heathenish, brutish, an uncertain dangerous kind of people unfit to be governed by British Law, they are to be governed by a harsh punitive code.  Pregnant women slaves however were respite from execution until after their pregnancy but that was the only concession given to women.  The unborn child had economic potential as property.

Mingon an Algonquian village on the Montagnais People is a major trading post on the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Quebec.  The People came for hundreds of miles to trade in this village. 

A mission is established among the Algonquin tribes living from the Temistamine westward to Hudson Bay.  The largest tribe was the Kiristinon or Christinaux later shortened to Cri or Cree.

The Spanish, encourage by their religious raided Kivas, sacred ceremonial house in New Mexico and Arizonia destroying 1,600 sacred kachina masks and other religious ceremonial objects.

1662  

Trader Nicholas Perrot (born 1644) in the employ of the Jesuit said they searched along the lake to find whether other tribes are there, and come across the Saulteurs (Ojibwa from Sault Ste. Marie) who he presumed had fled northward.  Part of the Saulteurs had gone toward Kionconian (Keweenaw).  That they did not return together is because they had left their people at the north.  That the latter intended to dwell here, but without a fixed home proposing to roam in all directions.  The Nepissings and Amikoutets are at Alimibegon (Nipigon?). The Amikwa are people of the Beaver tribe from the shores of Georgian Bay. The Ottawa (Odahwaug) moved further north to trade their old knives, blunt edawls, wretched nets and kettles for furs.  This disjointed account probably refers to the Wendat who are now living among the Ojibwa. Many Ojibwa and Ottawa (Odahwaug) returned in the summer to Sault Ste. Marie or Michilimackinac.  The Iroquois again attacked Sault Ste Marie. Their army of 100 warriors is slaughtered at Iroquois Point just west of Sault Ste Marie. The Iroquois never again attempted to attack the Sault. The Fox at this time are expelled to the south. This could be a repeat of earlier stories?

John Doubty, an old Indian born in Jersey says the Indians were much better People before any white People came amongst them, then now; that they used frequently morning and night prayer and returned thanks to the Good Spirit above for preserving them.  White People came the Dutch about New York shot an Indian for pulling a peach off his tree.  White People brought rum to the Indians and they forgot God and lost their former devotion. 

The Ojibwa, Odawa (Ottawa) and Nipissing defeated the Iroquois at Point Iroquois, Michigan. 

1663 

The Algonquian confederacy had suffered a serious blow and they inquired as to the official policy of the French towards the People.  Courcelle stated the policy as a rapid conversion of the People to Catholicism and that officers, soldiers and all adult subjects treat the People with kindness, justice and equity without ever causing them any hurt or violence.  The second objective is assimilation provided it is out of their own interest.  The Algonquian recognized this alliance of sovereignty-association and said they are much relieved. The People whom the French called savages are not subjects of the King of France nor subject to their laws.

Word is spreading throughout the Algonquian Nation that a huge contingent of French soldiers had arrived at Quebec.  The Algonquian is given assurance by Governor Courcelle that no one is to take the lands on which they are living under pretext that it would be better and more suitable if they were French.  Garakontie the diplomat representing the Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca fearing French reprisals went to Quebec for peace talks. This action infuriated the Mohawk as this is a spit in the ranks without council.  The Algonquian observed their first horse in Eastern Canada and they called it the moose of France.

Friar Salvandor de Guerra who murdered Juan Cuna, a Hopi by torture and burning in 1655 is transfered to Santa Fee, where he continued to physically abuse the Pueblo People.

June:  The Papinachois of Lake Mankouagan and Lake Barnabe trade with the Compatriots who live along the Saint Lawrence River.  They also trade with the Ouchestiguetch (Oukesestigouek of the Montagnis tribes of the Sagueny) who live to the north and have the most peltries to trade.  The Jesuits visited the Papinachois and found no polygamy among them, to become angry is to commit a great crime, as to drunkeness, they know not what it is, and as for avarice, their goods are held almost in common.  They say they are a people without passion;  I have not yet seen any one who are more peaceful and kind.  They are four days north of the Saint Lawrence River, so swift is the river, and two days down the St. Lawrence River to Kebek (Quebec). 

Neron a spokesperson of the Onondaga a tribe of the Iroquois is captured by the French.  He is alleged to have burnt 80 prisoners and killed over 60 of his enemy with his own hands.

Shawangunk a fortified village of the Waranawonkong People located near Tuthill, Ulster County, New York is burned this year by the Dutch.

1664 

Peter Stuyvesant of New Netherlands entered into an alliance with the Iroquois (Mohawks) to terrorize the Esophus People so they could be exterminated.  English troops invaded and captured New Netherlands changing the name to New York thus ending the Dutch bloody reign in New York.   

Schodiac an ancient village of Mahicans is located on the east bank of the Hudson River in Rensselaer County near present Castleton, New York.

Upper Hudson River, New York the Mahican People aka River People also Loups (Wolf People) used democracy to govern themselves.  This year they fought the Mohawks and were forced to move to the east, then in 1730 to Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania and later moved to Ohio where they lost their identity.

1665 

Father's Claude Jean Allouez (1622-1689), the Jesuit, reported Chequamegon Bay, Lake Superior is peopled by Chippewa, Ottawa (Odahwaug), Potawatomi,and Kickapoo.  They are engaged in the fur trade, fishing, hunting, gardening and generally enjoying this refuge from the Iroquois and Sioux raiding parties.  Father's Claude Jean Allouez (1622-1689) is totally unaware that these refuges had been secured as a result of previous wars.  Royal instructions to Courcelles stated that no one is to take the lands on which they are living under pretext that it would be better and more suitable if they were French.

1666  

January 9:  Five hundred French soldiers staggered into Three Rivers from Quebec and many is unable to continue due to the extreme conditions that they are not accustomed.  The Algonquian is apprehensive but they joined with other recruits going south on the Richelieu River passing the French forts of Richelieu-Sorel, Chambly and Ste. Theresea cross Lake Champlain, Lake George to the Hudson River.  After eight weeks of indescribable hardship due to the untrained French the Algonquian disbands in frustration.  Without their guides the French became lost and eventually returned to Fort Ste. Therese and sixty men died from cold or under Mohawk hatchet.  The campaign is a failure to the delight of the Mohawk.  The village of Teatontaloga however was destroyed by the French.  It would later become a Jesuit Mission called St. Mary only to again be destroyed by the French in 1693.

October:  A second party of thirteen hundred men is assembled but this time only six hundred are unconditioned regimental veterans. One hundred Algonquian are included and three hundred boats are required to transport the army.  Three Mohawk strongholds are taken, the fourth called Andarague that is quadrangular in shape with triple palisades nearly thirty feet high is deserted as the army approached.  The army proceeded to burn the fort and all the cornfields.

1667  

Father's Claude Jean Allouez (1622-1689) visited the Kickapoo at the portage of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers in Columbia County in Wisconsin.

The Sauk an Algonquian tribe in Michigan were met this year by Allouez, they also lived in Wisconsin and Illinois.

John Tupper operated privateer ships out of Guernsey and Southern England. 

1668  

The Algonquian is extremely proud that of the hundreds of girls who had passed through the Ursuline Nun Marie de L'Incarnation indoctrination center since 1639 not one had lost their Native religious beliefs.  The Nuns believed the nomadic life to be contrary to the laws of the church and incompatible with Christian life.  The People believed the only reason the French wanted them settled is to impose a superiority over them and remove the Peoples fundamental rights that are given to them by the Great Spirit.  The Algonquian women are adamant that all the young women continue to 'vision quest' as an important element of their religion.  The missionaries believed this fasting and time of intense prayer are of the Devil and must be eliminated as a practice. The Algonquian had an elaborate support system for their sick and aged which is applied with great attention and compassion and it is with great trepidation that they left the aged and ailing at the French 'House of Death' (hospital).  Their declining males as a result of European disease are making it very difficult to support these ailing people while on the hunt.  One distressing practice of the missionaries is their practice of baptizing those that are dying against their will and claiming their souls.

John Davis and his buccaneers plundered St. Augustine, La Florida killing 60 people.

Father's Claude Jean Allouez (1622-1689), the Jesuit, reported the Kishkakon the Ottawa bear clan had three bands living in the Ojibwa village of La Pointe du Saint Esprit near Bayfield, Wisconsin.  Kitchigumiwininiwug was a term used to describe all the Peoples living along the Great Lakes especially the People of Wisconsin, Minnesota and Ontario.

The Miami People (Algonquian) met the Frenchman Perrot on the Fox River in Wisconsin.  These People traveled by land rather than canoes like their neighbors.  There influence extended to Chicago and Detroit.  They practiced tattooing.

1669  

Some contend the Dakota Sioux occupied most of the region around the western end of Lake Superior having their villages on the headwaters of the Mississippi.  This report is inconsistent with other reports that place the Cree and Ojibwa from La Pointe in this region.  The Jesuit, Claude Dablon wrote that the Ojibwa are composed of four Nations, 150 at Sault Ste Marie, the Nouquet on the south shore of Lake Superior and the Outchibous and Marameg on the north shore of Lake Superior.  The Jesuits say the Sault Ste Marie is a permanent home to 150 People but some 500 visit the area annually with  visitors from as far as the North Sea (Hudson Bay).  The missionaries claim the lack of success in converting the Ojibwa is because they are not stationary in their life style.  The Ojibwa refuse to abandon their religion as the Devil has a strong hold on them.  The Ojibwa again told the Black Robe that they already acknowledged the Great Spirit who included in himself Heaven and Earth.  One hundred and fifty leagues from the Sault is Pointe du Saint Esprit where the People are stubborn and abstinent in following their own idolatry and licentiousness, so says Father Aloez. Father Aloez condemns the People for not placing European rules and standards above centuries of Native beliefs and values in their understanding of God.  Father Aloez departed La Pointe du Saint Esprit in disgust shacking the dust from his shoes and returning to the Sault saying he will also do the same there if more converts are not obtained.

John Lederer a German sailing for England visited the Blue Ridge Mountains, Carolina Piedmount (1669-1670).  Dollier de Casson and Rene de Brehant de Galinee French visited New York and the Great Lakes.

Twenty Iroquois attacked an undefended Algonquian Village capturing 100 women and children.  The neighboring villages of Algonquin banded together and marched on the Iroquois.  The first Iroquois village encountered saw the defeat of the Iroquois.

The Meherrin Iroquoian People are located along the border of North Carolina and Virginia.

The Peoples of Lake Superior (Ojibwa) were sometimes called Kitchigumiwininiwug or Lake People.

1670  

Shediac is a village of the L'nu'k ( Micmac) People located at Shediac, New Brunswick.

The Mandan People of North Dakota traded to the Bay of the North from 1670 to 1720.

Occaneechi a Siouan Peoples are living along the Roanoke River in Virginia.  One of their villages is Clarksville, Mecklenburg County, Virginia.  They also lived in North Carolina.

The Dumisagai (Mississagues) were part of the Sault Ste Marie mission.  The Baouichigouion called Gens du Sault or Sauteurs (Ojibwa or Chippewas) only numbered 150 but formed a union with the Nouquet, Outchibous and Marameg.  It is believed that the Sauteux of Lake Superior and westward, are the descendants of the original Nation du Sault.

The French are encouraging their single men to take Algonquian women as their wives and the People considered these French as their brothers and gave then preferential trading rights. The Algonquian observed that the French women are prolific breeders who could not wait to stop nursing their infants to start another pregnancy, a very unusual practice.  Fortunately most aboriginal women who married French men in the early years of encounter did not follow that unnatural practice.  Breast-feeding of three to four years is considered proper attention to one's children.  The world average duration for breast-feeding at this time is four point two years.  This French practice is therefore abnormal by any standards and is attributed to Church teachings on procreation.

This year the main diet of the People at Brandon, Manitoba was bison, composing nearly 99% of their protein intake.  The Jesuit relations however suggests the Assiniboine of this area also gathered wild oats and fish a very plenty.  It would appear there is a time to fish, a time to hunt and a time to harvest, of which they lay in a store.  The People who are nearest to this point (Swampy Cree) live only by hunting, build cabins and remain until the game becomes scarce.

The Ojibwa at Sault Ste Marie reported that twenty four hundred moose are killed on Manitoulin Island this winter.  This practice and the bountiful fishing in the area justify it as a prime meeting place.

The Ojibwa and Ottawa (Odahwaug) along with the French controlled the fur trade.  The Cree and Assiniboine are forced to trade with them until the Hudson Bay Company opened James and Hudson Bay.  The Algonquian rice farmers of the Red River region had been harvesting mahnomen (wildRice) for ages and their methods would remain unchanged even to modern times.  Rice is becoming an important trade item in the fur trade.

The Woodlands Cree (Kiristinon or Cristineaux) in small groups periodically traveled the Prairies in search of bison.

Ouinipigou = Winnebagoes; Naduesiu = Sioux; Assinipour = Assininoines, all being branches of the Dakota Sioux.

Maroumine = Menomonees; Eriniouai = Illinois; Pouutouatami = Pottawatomies, all being branches of the Algonkin (Algonquin).

The French established a mission (Etienne) at the village of Kiohero of the Cayugas People on the northern end of Lake Cayuga, New York State.

The maximum glacier advances in the Alps occurred between 1670 to 1680 driving people from historic farming sites.  This is evidence to support the Little Ice Age (1550-1850) is global in nature.

August 7:   Apache and Navajo warriors attacked the ancient Zuni Pueblo of Hawikuh. They burned the church and killed the resident missionary. 

1671  

Ke-che-ne-zuh-yauh a Crane negotiator from La Pointe (Wisconsin) with a large delegation proceeded to Sault Ste Marie to attend council with the French.  Some Crane or Businasse (echo-maker) trace their ancestral origins to this man.  Tradition suggests a gold medal is presented to him.  The French with great pageantry claimed all the lands and waters to the west, north and south for New France. The Ojibwa Nation not pleased with this presumptuous gesture ripped down the French cross.  The Jesuit mission chapel at Sault Ste Marie is also consumed by fire this year.  Ke-che-ne-zuh-yauh had two sons A-ke-gui-oi (Neck of Earth) who stayed at La Pointe, Wisconsin and Sha-de-wish (Bad Pelican) who went to the headwaters of the Wisconsin River and became known as the Lac du Flambeau band.  Flambeau is from Waus-wag-im-ing (Lake of Torches) based on the custom of spearing fish by torchlight.

The Makomitek People of the Algonquian Nation live in the Green Bay area of Wisconsin at this time.  The Noquet an Algonquian People are among the first encountered by the French  in the Green Bay, Wisconsin area.

Father Raffeix, a Jesuit said Goiogouen (Seneca) is the fairest country I have seen in America.

The Ojibwa occupied Michilimackinac Island (the place of the big wounded person).  This location was previously occupied by the Algonquian who were alleged driven off by the Iroquois.

The Menominee (Wild Rice People) met Nicolet on the Menominee River.

1672  

John Josselyn of New England believed the Samoades of New England are Tarters being alike in complexion, shape, habit and manners.  He believed the Mohawks speech is a dialect of the Tartars (Turkish language).

Dr. W. Hughes, a physician in Jamaica discovered the avocado. 

October 7:  The White Mountain Apachie execute the Franciscan Friar Pedro de Abila y Ayala.l 

1673  

The Iroquois held solemn council and relative peace would hold for seven years.  It is understood that individual members could go on raiding parties at any time, they just had to declare their intentions.  Some Ojibwa are forced to hunt furs as the Cree and Assiniboine began to trade with the Hudson Bay Company.  Father Henri Nouvelle at Sault Ste Marie reported the Cree, north of Lake Superior in the Shield region released from the necessity of trading through middlemen is able to acquire many new trade items including guns at the Bay posts.  Others remain trading at Michilimackinac and Lake Nipigon.

Father Jacques Marquette (1637-1675) visited the Kaskaskia People (he who scrapes it off using a tool) are of the Peoria who lived in the Illinois confederacy.  Some believe this is the first European contact with these peoples.

Marquette visited the Michigamea People (Algonquian) after whom the state of Michigan is named.  By 1818 only three males of this tribe are left alive.

Joliet visited the Moingwena a small band of Illinois living near Peoria, Illinois.  By the turn of the century this tribal band no longer existed and are assumed to have joined the Peoria People.

The Makoua Fox People are living in central Wisconsin near St. Michel this year.  The Makoukuwe Fox previously lived near Green Bay, Wisconsin.  It is noteworthy that the Bear Clan of the Ojibwa were called the Makwa.

Marquette encountered the Osage a Sioux People this year who lived in Kansas, Missouri and Illinois.  

1674  

The Jesuit reported a party of Cree from the north attacked a Sioux peace party at Sault Ste Marie killing most of them. This must have been a reference to the Iroquois or the location is in error as there is no indication of Sioux visiting as Far East as the Sault.

The Kakinonba People are mentioned by the French and are located on Father Jacques Marquette's (1637-1675) map as being east of the Mississippi and in Kentucky this year.  They have also been placed in Tennessee and Illinois.

(I)-Pierre Joseph Marie Chaumonot (Chaumonnot, Calvonotti) (1611-1693) established a mission at L'Ancienne-Lorette, Quebec on the north shore of the St. Lawrence River for the displaced Ontario Huron by the Iroquois.

Smallpox hit the Coahuiltex Peoples in Texas.

March 1:   “Nathaniel Soule, for lying with an Indian woman, was sentenced to be whipped at the post, which accordingly was inflicted; likewise, the woman was publicly whipped at the post for this fact.  “And the said Soule is ordered by the Court to pay ten bushels of Indian corn to the said Indian woman towards the keeping of the child.”

1675  

Gran Quivira National Monument located 23 miles south of Mountainir, New Mexico is abandoned about this time.  It is estimated that 2,500 Spanish settlers and missionaries occupy the southwest.

Virginia enjoyed a long peace with the Indians from the end of the final Powhatan war until 1675. As the royal commissioners reported in 1677, “Few or none had bin the Damages sustained by the English from the Indians, other than occasionally had happen’d sometimes upon private quarells and provocations, until in July 1675, certain Doegs and Susquahanok Indians on Maryland side, stealing some Hoggs,” from a settler named Matthews who had cheated them, “were pursued by the English . . . beaten or kill’d and the hoggs retaken.”
In retaliation, some Doeg Indians killed two of Matthews’s servants and his son. The Virginians responded by attacking an Indian village. The whites surprised the peaceful village with a volley and then moved in to slice and hack at the Indians with their axes and swords. Only later did they discover that this was not a Doeg but a Susquehanna village. Maryland’s government was furious and Virginia’s prepared for the expansion of the war, offering a coat to every Indian who brought in a scalp from a hostile Indian. 1

Mugg a war leader of the Arosaguntacook People fought the English near Scarboro, Maine.  He is noted to have treated his English prisoners of war kindly.  When he was later captured and taken to Boston where he was treated badly so he again attacked the English and was killed May 16, 1677.  It is noteworthy that mugwump was used in New England derived from the Massachusetts Algonquian word meaning 'man of great abilities' however the true meaning behind the word is 'he who feels that he is better than the rest'.   The word sounds like a complement whereas it is actually a derogatory term.  This is one of the reasons it is so difficult to understand history from the Peoples perspective.  Those qualities valued by European cultures are most often frowned on as being divisive among the People culture.

The Nashobah a village of fifty Christian People near Littleton, Massachusetts are relocated to Concord, Massachusetts.  The Nashua a tribe of Massachusettes from Worchester, Massachusetts were not so fortunate.  They fought in the King Phillip's war and after the war most of the tribe were sold as slaves by the barbaric English. 

The English burned a village of the Narragansets on Rhode Island who's spokesperson was Pumham.

Segunesit was a village of the Nipmuc People who joined other Americans of northeastern Connecticut to resist the Europeans during the war or resistance this year.

Archaeological sites in the Missouri Valley of North Dakota contain an abundance of European trade goods such as glass beads and metal objects, dating to 1675 to 1700.

Under pressure from missionaries in the territory, New Mexican Governor Juan Francisco de Treviño began a campaign against Pueblo religious practices, hanging four Indians in the plaza at Santa Fe on accusations of witchcraft and publicly whipping 43 others.
Among those whipped was Popé, an Indian from the Ohke Pueblo who had long resisted Spanish authority and who now began encouraging rebellion. The hardships of a near-decade long drought, coupled with the increasing demands of the Spanish, helped Popé win a receptive audience in the pueblos. 

April 30:  Fernando del Bosque and Franciscan Friar Juan Larios of Coahuila, Mexico set out northward from the Guadalupe area.   

May 11:  Fernando del Bosque and Franciscan Friar Juan Larios arrived the Rio Grande, naming it Rio del San Beuna Ventura del Norte and crossed it on a raft, likely near Paso de Francia.  They  invade Coahuilyecan territory in south central Texas erecting wooden crosses along the way.  The Friar reported baptizing 55 natives.  They turned back on May 29 thus ending their expedition. 

June:   King Philip’s War started. The war was named after Wampanoag leader Metacom but whom the English called Philip. The war was considered the bloodiest of all the Indian wars and mounted the fiercest battles ever fought on New England territory. 

July:  The first Indian scalps were cut off during “King Philip’s War.” In route from Reheboth to Swansea, Lieutenant Oakes and his men encountered some "hostiles" and a battle ensued. After the fight, the severed scalps were sent as trophies to Boston for display. 

August:   Increase Mather’s forecasts of general disaster hit home in June when a tribe of Wampanoag Indians burned and looted homes in the town of Swansea and killed nine residents. Indian attacks escalated in August 1675 as Wampanoags led by Chief Metacom ("King Philip") were joined by the Narragansetts and Nipmucks in an attack on towns in western Massachusetts and other outlying areas.

October:   Nanuntenoo a leader of the Narraganset a strong supporter of King Philip fought against the English.  Saconnet a small tribe of the Narraganset or Wampanoag had a woman spokesperson (chief) and during the King Philip's war took the side of the English.  In 1700 they sold their lands to the Europeans and by 1763 only a dozen individuals were living at Compton, Rhode Island. 

1676 

The Jesuit created the first Canadian Indian Reservation for the Mohawk at Caughnawaga, Quebec.

Magnus a female war leader of the Narraganset People is killed by Major Talcot an Englishman in Warwick, Rhode Island.  Mittaubscut was a Narraganset village located along the Pawtuxet River in Kent County, Rhode Island.  Nanuntenoo a leader of the Narraganset was captured by the English and taken to Stonington, Connecticut, where he was killed by the savage English, his head cut off and sent to the city fathers of Hatfield.  The English kill or burn more than 2,000 Narraganset in South Kingstown, Rhode Island.  The English capture 400 Narraganset and sell them into slavery.

The Aiaoud or Nadoessi Mascouteins who speak Punants and live 12 days west of the Mississippi River.  They say they have met people who visited the Great Lake far away toward the setting sun, the water thereof is very bad.

January 5:   Father Jacques Marquette (1637-1675) noted the Illinois Indians were trading three buffalo robes for a cube of tobacco.

April 10:  The Bay Des Puants (Green Bay) contains 6 tribes all separated by 10-15 leagues.

April:   Virginia settlers chose Nathaniel Bacon to lead an expedition against the nearby tribe of Occaneechee. New to the Colony, Bacon decided to kill the Indians instead of waiting for a formal commission from the governor.

August 6:   Weetamoo, the Sachem Chief of the Wampanoag, drowned while trying to escape from European soldiers. Her head was cut off and displayed on a pole before her warriors and for town viewing

1677 

The village of Kaskaskia, Illinois consisted of 351 cabins, containing 8 different tribes.

1678 

The Dakota Sioux captured Louis Hennepin. Michael Aco and Daniel Greysolon Duluth would negotiate for their release next year as well as establish a treaty between the Ottawa (Odahwaug) and the Dakota (Sioux).  This must be a reference to the Ojibwa and Dakota Sioux.

A former Mohegan village called Showtucket is occupied after the war this year by a people called Surrenderers who also later abandoned the village because of warfare among the People.

The Miamis abandoned their old district for fear of war with the Ilinois and fled beyond the River Colbert to the west, mingling with the Otoutanta, the Paote, the Maskoutens and Nadourssioux.  

1679 

The ship Griffin arrived with La Salle at Mackinaw there a number of Ojibwa is assembled to trade.  Leaving Mackinaw they continued to an Island in Lake Michigan at the mouth of Green Bay having collected twelve thousand dollars in fur.  They set sail for Niagara and are never seen again.  Daniel Greysolon, Sieur Duluth reported the Chippewa and Dakota Sioux had been engaged in war west of Duluth for the past 10 years.  Tales of war from a Peoples perspective do not necessarily indicate bloodshed as is conjured up in the European mind.  Warfare served a variety of functions such as a rite of passage to manhood or as a method of achieving qualities of honor such as the couping of ones' enemy.  The bravest deed a warrior could perform is to get close enough in battle to touch his opponent with a coup stick without harming him.  This action is viewed as stealing his honor.  A peace treaty is conducted between the Dakota Sioux and the Assiniboine at the bottom end of Lake Superior as witnessed by Dulhut in September.

The Iroquois attacked the Illinois at Kachkachkia but were repelled.

December 19, Kingston, Rhode Island the Narraganset an Algonquian tribe from the Providence River during the King Philip's war during one day lost 1,000 men.  This and disease finally broke a once powerful nation.

1680 

The Illinois of the Mississippi River entered into an alliance with the French through Henri Tonti a lieutenant of La Salle.  The French traders are encouraging the western expansion of the Ojibwa.  The reason is that the Ojibwa had trading arrangements with the Dakota Sioux who are living on the south shore of Lake Superior at this time and some of their kin are penetrating the Lake of the Woods. The Dakota Sioux also called Issati or Issanti are believed at this time to have come from Mille Lac, Minnesota.  Father Hennepin, a proven liar, did much damage by maliciously accusing the Dakota Sioux of atrocities. The Dakota Sioux at this time are generally very kind in the treatment of their captives and very little credence can be given to the wild tales of the infamous priest.  Unfortunately this incident attacks the credibility of all early missionaries as they are all prone to excessive exaggeration when it came to converts or condemnation of heathens or fallen away voyagers who become Coureurs de Bois.

The Mandan is believed to occupy the Missouri River System having earlier differentiated from the Dakota Sioux of the Mississippi.

The Prairie People are evolving an inter-tribal sign language to facilitate their extensive expanding commerce.  They are holding annual inter-tribal horse fairs to the west.  Some tribes took on specific roles as horse breeders or merchants.  By the time of first French contact from the East the prairie culture had already been modified by the horse, the gun and Spanish influence from the south.

A very severe drought that lasted 40 years (1680-1720) hit southern Alberta  

Others suggest the coldest periods of the Little Ice Age (1550-1850) are 1550-1620, 1680-1700.  

Some believe this is the time the Ojibwa nation began to culturally split into a northern Ojibwa, Great Lakes Ojibwa (Saulteaux) and southern Ojibwa (Chippewa).  Others contend this natural split is evident over the last century.  The Ojibwa are still acting as the middlemen between the Cree and Assiniboine who are west of Lake Superior and the French of the Saint Lawrence.  A decision is made to go on the offensive against the Iroquois.

LaSalle on the Mississippi River encountered the Natchez People who he said are the largest, strongest and proudest people on the lower reaches of the river.  An earlier French account put their population as 5,000.  By 1788 their population is reduced by one third.  A chronicler recorded that God wishes that they yield their place to new people.   By 1731 the Natchez People are all but wiped out by the French and the few remnants scattered.

The Kinaani a clan of the Navajo are living at Hano Pueblo that they abandoned this year due to drought.  They relocated to Canyon de Chelly in northeastern Arizona.  They later relocated to Tusayan.

Pope died 1692,  a Tewa spokesperson is determined to rid the southwest of all Spanish.  On August 10, 1680 he attacked Santa Fe, New Mexico and killed over 400 Spanish of an estimated 2,500 in the region.  The remaing Spanish fled the area for Mexico.  This was called the Pope's revolt that lasted 1680-1696.  The Spaniards rallied to put down the Tewa but were forced to retreat down the Rio Grande to El Paso, Texas.  They eventually lost their land and their independence.  The Pueblo People burned and destroyed all traces of Spanish Christian culture and kept the Spanish out for a decade.

Sandia an ancient pueblo first noted by Coronado in 1540 is finally abandoned this year.  Do not confuse this pueblo with a more modern one of the same name.

December:  The 'Great Comet' appeared, and was visible to the end of February, 1681.   No comet has threatened the earth with a nearer approach.

1681  

Jacques Duchesneau, the Intendant of Canada, characterized the Ojibwa as a trading people to the Cree, Assiniboine and Dakota Sioux.

Shackamaxon is a Delaware village near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania where William Penn made a treaty this year.

The Westo People lived along the Savannah River and the coast of South Carolina but slipped from history about this time.

The Iroquois wage war on the Outagamis and Illinois, killing and carrying off 1,000's of the Illinois.

1682 

The Iroquois again start raiding the Algonquian tribes along the upper reaches of the Ottawa and the French are warned that the Iroquois are getting back to their Grand Plan.  The Ojibwa are trading with the Dakota Sioux some sixty leagues to the west of Lake Superior, so wrote Robert Cavalier, Sieur de la Salle.  La Potherie reported the Ojibwa not only traded with the Dakota Sioux but are hunting with them and exchanging daughters in marriage.  Nicholas Perrot (born 1644) confirmed there is a friendship treaty between the two peoples and this alliance would last for fifty years.

The Natchez People of Natchez, Mississippi are first visited by the French this year.  They were farmers and practiced head flattening.  They spoke the Muskhogean dialects.

The Arkasas post (Tutelpinco) is established on the ancient trading site that services the following river systems: the Mississippi, the Ohio, missouri, Tenessee, Cumberland, Illinois, Wabash, Arkansis and white.  

1683 

Juan Domingo Mendoza and Nicolas Lopez of Spain contact the Jumanos People on the Peco River of the Rio Grande. 

1684  

The Cree and Assiniboine who had previously traded with the Ojibwa and Ottawa (Odahwaug) through the St. Lawrence River arrived York Factory with three hundred canoes and seven hundred people to trade.  The trade included three hundred muskets, ten thousand knives, hatchets, tobacco, kettles, blankets and other goods.

The English first recorded the existence of maple sugar being processed by the Iroquois of Canada, Upper New York and New England Peoples.  The French called it sugar bush.

King Louis XIV of France sent this directive to New France: as it tends to the good of my servants to diminish the number of the Iroquois and as they are very strong and robust they will serve usefully in my gallets, I will that you do everything in your power to make a great number of prisoners of war and at every opportunity have them conveyed to France.  It is noteworthy that ten ecus was offered for every Iroquois killed and twenty ecus for each Iroquois taken as slaves.

Onondaga chief La Grande Guele said to Governor La Barrie, "We are born free".

1685  

The first French Colony established this year at Fort Louis, Texas is believed to have ended before 1688 because of disease and attacks by the Karankawa Indians.  The Fort was located on the west bank of Garcitas creek.

1686  

The French ship Belle ran aground in a squall in the early months of this year and sank off the Matagorda Bay, Texas.

The Chief of the Bayagoula in 1699 were 36 miles from the mouth of the Mississippi River and sported a blue cape given to him by (1)-Henri de Tonty (1649-1704) in 1686.

1687  

Eleven slaves fled the British colony of Carolma for the Spanish colony of La Florida.  These are the first of thousands who fled the British for freedom and they established themselves at St. Augustine.

Satucket a village of Nauset is located Brewster, Barnstable County, Massachusetts.

Henri Joutel of France on the La Salle expedition visits the Hasinai and Kadohadacho confederacies.

Eusebio Francisco Kino of Spain visits Arizona and California encountering the Papagos, Pimas, Halchidhomas, Maricopas and Yumas.

January:   Cavelier de la Salle visited the Akasquy People near the Brazos River, Texas that soon became extinct.

1688  

Tionontate aka Sastaretsi and rat died Montreal 1701 a negotiator of the Adario made treaty with the French to attack the Iroquois.  When they were well on their way they heard the French were entering into peace talks with the Iroquois undermining the Adario.   The Adario attacked the French and Iroquois envoys on their way to Montreal.  He told them that the French had ordered them to attack the Iroquois and hoped the Iroquois would repay the French for their bad faith.  On August 25, 1689 the Iroquois attacked Montreal and hundreds of settlers were killed.  Tionontate later made peace between the French and Iroquois and they honored him for this action.

Alonso de Leon of Spain while in Texas visits Jean Jery (Jarry) a white chief (Metis?).  

1689 

Five hundred Iroquois attacked and destroyed Fort Frontenac at Cataraqui River where river and lake meet.  They attacked Lachine a settlement just up river from Montreal killing two hundred French and one hundred and twenty are taken prisoner.  Forty-two are eventually reported missing and assumed dead or they chose to remain with the Iroquois and are adopted into the families.

The Prairie people had their first encounter with an Englishman in the field by name of Henry Kelsey.  He is after direct trade for the Hudson Bay Company but did not understand the trading customs that had developed over thousands of years.  He assumed the failure to trade is because of some endless war like nature and their alliance with the French.  The simple fact is that the trading ritual is as important if not more important than the actual trade itself.  Trading is a time of gift giving, information exchange, celebration and then trade. The French had learned this at Tadoussac and the St. Lawrence and it is a basic standard with all the Algonquian peoples.

April 22:   Alonso de Leon a Spaniard discovered the remains of the French Fort St. Louis, Texas.  He ordered the burial of the French cannons likely to remove any trace of the French and their claim on the region.  The Spanish later built a presidio on the site.

1690  

West of Red River on the White horse plains a very swift horse is shunned by all peoples.  Legend says that it was exchanged for the daughter of an Assiniboine by one of two suitors of different bands.  The rejected suitor attacks the wedding feast, the bride sped away on the white horse with her husband on another slower horse.  It is said she had to restrain her horse to the slower speed of her husband and both newlyweds died in a hail of arrows.  The horse escaped, but forever afterwards, all natives believed the girl's soul had entered the horse and they therefore shunned it.  The region from this day on is called White Horse Plains.

The French attacked Schenectady a Mohawk village.

Biauswah I was an Ojibwa village located 40 miles west of Lapointe.

Nacaniche a Caddoan tribe along the Trinity River, Texas was first noted by the French about this time. 

The Illinois are believed to number some 5,000 people.

The glaciers in the Rocky Mountains, Banff, Alberta advanced in the 1690's.

1691  

Madokawando died 1698 a leader of the Penobscot, adopted by a Kennebec was friendly with the English until they took advantage of his people.  This year he attacked York, Maine killing 77 people in the village.  One of his daughters married Baron Castine.

Domingo Teran de los Rios of Spain visits Texas and the Trinity River to Red River.

Spanish explorers met the Caddo People who kept repeating the word taysa (friend) leading the Spanish to name the region Texas.

Smallpox visits the Caddo People in Texas.

1692 

Francisco de Vargas of Spain is in the south west.

Martin Chartier of France is on the Ohio and Susquehanna Rivers, is traveling with and settle down among the Shawnees.

Cornelissen Arnout Viele of the Netherlands using a Shawnee guide traveled the Ohio, Susquehanna, and Wabash Rivers (1692-1694). 

February 5:  The Abenakis attacked and killed the British at York, Maine.

1693  

Sieur De Villieu recorded that the Iroquois insisted that they were never subjects of Britain.

1695  

Charles Aubert de la Chesnate states the Ojibwa occupied the northern shore of Lake Superior as far as Pic River that is midway from Sault Ste Marie to Pigeon River.  At Lake Nipigon is the Cree.  The Assiniboine occupies the Kaministiquia River that enters Fort William.  The European is constantly looking for definitive delineation lines of tribe and band territory like the European system. This type of delineation does not exist in Algonquian territory. Even during the height of the Iroquois war some friendly Iroquois bands are deep within Algonquian territory.

The Ojibwa and Dakota are at peace and intermarriages are taking place. The principle leader of the Awause or Catfish family of the Ojibwa had an only daughter who married a Dakota of the Wolf Clan.  According to custom they resided among the Ojibwa at Rice Lake beginning the Ojibwa Wolf Clan.  It is noteworthy that the Dakota before this time did not use the Totem system.  Likewise Ojibwa of the Merman or Water Spirit Totem a branch of the Awause married Dakota women and became of the Wolf Totem and many considered the Wolf and Merman Totem as blood relations.

La Potherie suggests that Tioscates (Tioskatin) a Dakota Warrior is claimed to be the first Dakota to visit New France along with Pierre Le Sueur and their Dakota allies Ojibwa Chingouabe.  The Dakota and Ojibwa spoke of each other as allies against the Mascoutens and Fox.  It is said Tioskatin died in Montreal. 

Iceland glaciers are advancing dramatically during the period of 1695 to 1709.

1694-95 is an El Nino year.

1696  

The Dakota Sioux are driven by the Ojibwa from the upper reaches of the Mississippi that the Dakota Sioux had settle done hundred years earlier.  The Ojibwa recounted a significant battle at Leech Lake north west of present Saint Paul, Minnesota, another above the falls of St. Anthony.   The Algonquian had recovered their ancestral lands but is forcing the Dakota Sioux onto the plains from an agricultural heritage to that of hunter.

The Sia is a small tribe of Keresan People who lived along the Jemez River, New Mexico and fought against the Spanish this year. 

1697  

Reports drift northward that the last stronghold of the Maya on the island fortress of Florence on Lake Petan fell to the Spanish army.  Just the year before the Spanish is welcomed by the Maya to their Island as is due any visitor.

Captain William Kidd (1645-1701) a wealthy landowner in New York became the notorious  pirate this year.  Convicted of piracy, Kidd was hanged in London on May 23, 1701.

There was 20 pirates operating out of Gurnsey and 8 out of Jersey were operating as privateers.  

The Pamlico an Algonquian Peoples of Beaufort County, North Carolina were hit with a smallpox plague.  In 1711 they fought against theEnglish and Tuscarora and those not killed were sold into slavery and the tribe disappeared.

The Pennacook People are the original residents of New England.  They were located in New Hampshire, Massachusetts and the southern part of Maine.  This Algonquian confederacy was centered at Concord, New Hampshire.  It is noteworthy that the last of the Pennacook People saved some of the colonists from starvation this winter.

The statehouse of Jamestown, Virginia burned and the capital was moved to Williamsburg.  As a result Jamestown slowly dried up and died as a settlement.

The Jesuits arrive Baja California Peninsula 1697 and moved south in 1720 and were driven out by the Pericu People in 1734.

1699  

Little mention is made of the People raising farm animals except for dogs.  It was noted at this time that the Bayougoula People kept flocks of turkey near Red Post (Baton Rouge).

Iberville noted meeting the Moctobi People near Biloxi, Mississippi who are of the Siouan linguistic group.  The as a group did not survive and are assumed to have been absorbed into the Choctaw and Caddo Peoples. 

A Navajo war party attacked the Pawnees in Nebraska and reported to the Spanish that they had captured a large quantity of French trade goods including guns.

The English from Carolina with a 200 man army of Chickasaw attacked the Colapissa People for the slave trade.

The Washa a band of the Muskhogeans lived in New Orleans, Louisiana and were extinct by 1805.
Jonathan Dickenson and Engligh Quaker is shipwrecked on the east Flordia coast.  They contacted the Guales, Ais, Guacatas and Jeagas Peoples. 

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