The introduction of modern man into the Americas remains speculative.
It likely occurred 50,000 to 100,000 B.C.
The People however believe they originated in America.
THE TIME BEFORE THE PEOPLE
or so many would have us believe
to 12,001 B.C.
INDIAN HISTORY 12000 - 8001 B.C.
INDIAN HISTORY Return to MAIN Pre-History INDEX
GENETIC EVIDENCE SUGGESTS AMERICA WAS POPULATED BEFORE 35,000 B.C.
If, as modern conservative theory suggests, the first American people crossed the Bering Strait 12,000 years ago, then who built the alleged twenty to forty thousand years old sites in South America? The 400 Pedra Furada sites dating to 50,000 B.C. These sites scattered from Old Crow and Bluefish Caves of the Yukon to Monte Verde near the tip of Chile or Pedra in Brazil. Known sites compose some five hundred in all.
The American conservatives will reply that the dating of these sites is not conclusive and will adhere to an elaborate ice-free corridor that stretches the imagination very near the realm of science fiction. The French and south American archeologists however claim America has been people from before 50,000 B.C. The conservatives contend man followed the Mackenzie River but the river didn't flow south at this time. There is not a shred of proof to support this popular hypothesis. The truth is that science just doesn’t know and are making educated guesses. Historically such educated guesses have proven incorrect and reality usually exceeds our wildest imagination.
To understand this complex pre-history, science has classified some of the early Canadian periods and stages as follows:
128,000 – 118,000 B.C. Eemian Interglacial period
50,000 - 25,000 B.C. Pre-Projectile-point stage, South
America is peopled
50,000 - 40,000 B.C. First land bridge Asia/America
35,000 – 25,000 B.C. Interglacial period
25,000 - 14,000 B.C. Second land bridge Asia/America
25,000 - 10,000 B.C. Paleolithic people stage
10,000 - 9,000 B.C. Clovis point people
9,000 - 8,000 B.C. Folsom point
people
9,000 - 6,000 B.C. Pro-Archic
stage
9,000 - 5,000 B.C. Disappearance
of large animals
9,000 - 4,500 B.C. Pro-Archic
plains stage
8,000 - 6,000 B.C. Plano point
people
7,000 - 1,500 B.C. Agricultural
development period
6,000 - 1,000 B.C. Archiac (forging)
stage
300 -
700 A.D. Hopewell cultural period
500 - 1,000 A.D.
Adena cultural period
1,450 - 1,850 A.D. Little ice
age
More current evidence suggests the transition from ice age to warmer periods may have been only a few decades suggesting these stages are overly simplified. It’s also possible the reverse could happen and ice ages appearing within decades. Land bridges are also theoretically possible for short periods of time during the warm periods. The hypothesis of the twentieth century is that the first Homo Sapiens to America is confined to land travel. That they migrated to America from Siberia and that it had to be during one of the two land bridge windows.
The theory requires a land bridge between Asia and America. It also requires there be an ice-free corridor through Alberta or British Columbia. There also had to be adequate game and plant growth to sustain the migrating animals and people. If any of these assumptions does not hold true then the land bridge theory is in error.
The whole theory based upon the assumption that the first Americans are terrestrial hunters and gathers, has no basis in fact, and are a very misleading assumption. I recall during my lifetime, the solid earth theory that would not allow for 'Continental Drift' aka 'Plate Tectonics' or mountain building. The evidence of the late 1800’s provided irrefutable proof of continental drift, for most people. The scientific community however held to their solid earth theory well into the 1960’s, a form of professional amnesia. A sea route through British Columbia appears much more likely than a land bridge theory with an ice free corroder through Alberta..
It is equally plausible that the Caucasoid originated in the Americas and migrated to Asia and Europe via land bridges in 50,000 B.C. or by water 35,000 B.C. The native peoples claim they migrated from the south and were always in the Americas. To-date no one has taken the Indian's position seriously. The Pedra Furada finds may well support this native belief.
An important point to remember is that prior to about 16,000 B.C. the carbon dating of artifacts can be understated as much as 8,000 years. Therefore an item presently dated 20,000 B.C. could in fact be dated to 28,000 B.C. Carbon dating is based on a false assumption that the percentage of carbon has been constant over the years but it is known that carbon was more prevalent 20,000 to 45, 000 B.C. and varies from year to year. Some suggest that current radio carbon dating now has an accuracy of ± 700 years but have all the old discoveries been re-carbon dated and their associated assumptions corrected? Some dating assumes a constant rate of erosion or a gradual coming and going of glaciations, these are also false assumptions. It is noteworthy that many scientists are human, they tend to see what they want to see and disregard the rest.
13,700,000,000 B.C.
The age of the universe is estimated as 13.7 billion years old. This is called the big bang theory.
13,500,000,000 B.C.
The first star is believed to have ignited 13.5 billion years ago.
4,550,000,000 B.C.
The Earth is believed to have existed for 4.5 billion years
4,500,000,000 B.C.
Diamonds are found in the Jack Hills of Australia dating to this period.
4,030,000,000 B.C.
The oldest rock on Earth is believed to date to this time.
2,000,000,000 B.C.
A rock from the Acasta River, Northwest Territories, Canada is dated as the oldest rock yet found in America.
1,900,000,000 B.C.
The oldest known fossil, stromatolites is discovered on Lake Superior near Schreiber, Ontario, Canada. Lake Superior is known by the Algonquin as K-Che-Gu-Mme (also known as Gitche-Gumee), meaning all-powerful lake.
1,000,000,000 B.C.
Some believe life on earth began about this time.
600,000,000 B.C.
The Camel originated about this time and became extinct in America by 8,000 B.C.
530,000,000 B.C. to 520,000,000 B.C.
A burst of evolution known as the Cambrian explosion began about this time. It is believed the entire earth had just come out of a world wide ice age.
480,000,000 B.C.
Researchers have confirmed the out of Africa Continental Drift Theory that originated in the late 1800's. Alfred Wegenar (1880-1830) and Frank Taylor were the first professional geologists to publish the Continental Drift theory that had been circulating in the 19th century. They calculated that in 200 million a super-continent existed called Panaego (Pangaea) that began to break up. Sailors had remarked for years of the common rock types, fossils and fauna found on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, New England, the Carolinas, British Islands, France and Spain share these common identifiers of Pangaea aka Gondwana..
443,000,000 B.C.
It is believed by some that the earth was hit with a gamma ray burst from a collapsing star destroying much of life on earth.
440,000,000 B.C.
British Columbia and Alberta straddled the equator about this time.
375,000,000 B.C.
Ellesmire Island, Northern Canada: A Tiktaalik fishpod with foot like fins, believed to be an example of the first tripods was discovered in 2004 A.D.
374,000,000 B.C.
The second of five great mass extinctions hit the earth.
350,000,000 B.C.
Norton, New Brunswick is the site of the oldest known fossil forest in Canada. Nearly 700 trees are in this stand that were growing when Canada was on the equator.
251,000,000 B.C.
Global warming caused by volcanic activity began in Siberian traps of Pangaea.
This is called the 'Great Dying' were 90% of ocean dwellers and 70% of plants, animal and even insect life is destroyed in this third mass extinction. This extinction lasted 100,s of 1,000 of years.
230,000,000 B.C.
San Juan Province, Argentina has some of the oldest dinosaur remains in the world. Some believe the dinosaur originated here.
201,000,000 B.C.
This is known as the fourth great extinction that lasted 100's of 1,000 of years.
75,000,000 B.C.
North America was split by the Western Interior Seaway that covered the Prairies.
65,000,000 B.C.
There was a burst of mammal diversity after the dinosaurs became extinct. The roots of the mammal's however extends back to 100,000,000 B.C. but likely was very precarious.
It is noteworthy that the Lare Meteorite, comet or asteroid created the Silverpit crater off the coast of northeast England about this time. This would have a profound impact on all living things.
A meteorite struck the Yucatan Peninsula to create what the Mayans called the Cenotes. The Mayan word was Dzonot meaning the abyss or a series of underground caves. The epicenter was not far from the village of Chicxulub, Yucatan, Mexico. The radius of the meteorite crater is over 40 miles. Some believe this triggered the mass extinction of many species including dinosaurs. About half of all living species were killed.
50,000,000 B.C.
The horse began evolving in America.
27,800,000 B.C.
Yellowstone erupted 600,000 B.C. ejecting 1,000 Km3. Yellowstone previously erupted in 2.2 million B.C. ejecting 2,500 Km3 and is considered the second largest eruption in the known history of the earth. Toba, Sumatra, Indonesia is the location of the largest eruption in know history of the world. Eruptions occurred in 840,000 B.C., 700,000 B.C and 75,000 B.C. The 75,000 eruption ejected 2,800 Km3. By comparison the eruption of Mt. St. Helens ejected only 1 Km3. Others suggest Fish Canyon Tufe in Colorado. about this time, was the largest ejecting 5,000 Km3.
9,000,000 B.C.
The epicyon the size of a large wolf roamed the Great Plains of America. These epicyon migrated into Asia and evolved to become the gray wolf (canis lupus) that returned to America about 700,000 B.C.. The lineage of dogs actually goes back 37 million years to the Hesperocyon. In America it goes back to at least 8 million B.C.
8,000,000 B.C.
The bone crushing dog existed 8,000,000 B.C. to 1,500,000 B.C. in America.
3,900,000 B.C.
The horse equus began to migrate from America to Asia until about 3.4 million B.C. This included the horse, zebras and donkeys.
3,000,000 B.C.
Toca de Esperanca, Brazil excavation suggests pre-Neanderthal man existed in the Americas 300,000 B.C.. Others suggest man predates these findings to 3,000,000 B.C. Most do not embrace these findings.
2,200,000 B.C.
Yellowstone erupted ejecting 2,500 Km3 and is the second largest eruption in the known history of the earth. Toba, Sumatra, Indonesia is the location of the largest eruption in know history of the world. Eruptions occurred in 840,000 B.C., 700,000 B.C and 75,000 B.C. The 75,000 eruption ejected 2,800 Km3.
2,000,000 B.C.
A meteorite struck Lake St. Martin, north of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. You can still find traces of fluorides and other chemicals in the ground water in 2008.
1,600,000 B.C.
This is the arbitrary start of the age of humanity. This assumption is highly dependent on our definition of 'The People'. It is also the time that the Earth's magnetic field had a polarity reversal and this could have caused an environmental or genetic mutation. There is general agreement that Homo Habilis is the probable ancestor of later human species, Homo Erectus and Homo Sapiens. It is generally believed that Homo Erectus first evolved in tropical Africa possibly from East Turkana in Kenya. Others suggest it originated in China. Native tradition suggests 'The People' originated in the Americas. More likely future evidence will suggest a more world wide evolution or mutation had occurred. I also believe we greatly underestimate the rapid mobility of early man and animals.
1,500,000 B.C.
The Edwards wolf is evident in Florida.
1,000,000 B.C.
Mammuthus Meridionalis (mammoth) migrated from Asia to America. The two continents are likely linked at this time.
900,000 B.C.
In the gravel's of the Solo River near Trinil in central Java scientists uncovered remains of Homo Erectus. They are potassium argon dated to about this time.
800,000 B.C.
The gray wolf an ancestor of the American epicyon is believed to have migrated from Asia to America about this time.
780,000 B.C.
The magnetic pole last reversed at this time (the south pole became the present north pole). Normally the pole reverses its self every 300,000 years, so a reversal is long overdue. The pole also wanders slowly over time, in 2006 it was moving faster than normal at a speed of 25 miles per year.
730,000 B.C.
The Earth's magnetic field reverted to present polarity. The evolution of man may have again mutated during this period. Some believe that Homo Erectus began extensive migration into Europe and Asia shortly after this time. Others suggest early man may have emerged in Asia and migrated to Africa and Europe.
700,000 B.C.
Homo Erectus is detected in Italy, Thailand, Indonesia and China. It is noteworthy that intriguing similarities between the Choukoutien Erectus skulls and those of modern Mongoloids and Native Americans. There can be little doubt that Choukoutien Erectus genetically contributed to Chinese Homo Erectus and Native American Homo Sapiens or possibly Homo Erectus.
The Gray Wolf is established in America and would interbreed with other wolves and coyote to produce new species. The word coyote comes to us from the Aztec People.
600,000 B.C.
Yellowstone erupted ejecting 1,000 Km3. Yellowstone previously erupted in 2.2 million B.C. ejecting 2,500 Km3 and is the second largest eruption in the known history of the earth. Toba, Sumatra, Indonesia is the location of the largest eruption in know history of the world. Eruptions occurred in 840,000 B.C., 700,000 B.C., and 75,000 B.C. The 75,000 eruption ejected 2,800 Km3. By comparison the eruption of Mt. St. Helens ejected is only 1 Km3. Some scientist predict a super eruption in Yellowstone is due in our lifetime.
460,000 B.C.
Homo Erectus occupies the Zhoukoudien Caves of China at this time.
400,000 B.C.
Homo Sapiens, Neanderthal is in Europe, Asia and Africa. Some believe they are not our ancestors.
350,000 B.C.
A Homo Sapiens, Sapiens, skull dating to this period discovered in China casts doubts that modern man originated in Africa. There is no reason these people couldn't have traveled the Americas during this period of 400,000 - 300,000 B.C. No evidence exists to support such a possibility and 54,000 B.C. still appears to be the earliest date for the peopling of America.
300,000 B.C.
Toca de Esperanca, Brazil excavation suggests pre-Neanderthal man existed in the Americas at this time. Others suggest man predates these findings to 3,000,000 B.C. Most do not embrace these findings.
250,000 B.C.
There is a small group of serious archaeologists and anthropologists who believe the first migration of man into American occurred between 250,000 B.C. and 100,000 B.C.
The Sandia Cave, New Mexico suggests a human occupation dated to this time period, but the results are problematic.
200,000 B.C.
Most people believe that Homo Sapiens, Sapiens, or modern man originated in Africa about this time. Some claim stone tools are discovered in California dating to this time, others dispute this interpretation.
Some of the People believe the Aboriginal People of the Americas began about this time, traveling all across the Americas even into the lands of foreign Nations. The Akmul Auauthm (Pima People) of Arizona and southeastern California tell of a creation story of the Great Mystery, who takes light and hurls it into the void and creates the stars, the Woman Moon, and the Man Sun. It is said that the Great Mystery then creates Coyote, who is composed of laughter and mischief. It is noteworthy that mischief and laughter appears to be a common cultural tenant among the Peoples of North America. Arizona was named after a Pima word meaning little spring place.
Some suggest the Calico Hills, California site contained evidence of man at this time period.
150,000 B.C.
The Micro-blade tradition is believed by some to have existed at this time in China and Japan. They suggest this cultural tradition could be the basis of the American tradition.
130,000 B.C.
The Dire Wolf is believed to have evolved 130,000 B.C. to 16,000 B.C. as uncovered in Florida.
128,000 B.C. to 118,000 B.C.
This is an interglacial period, when the world is much warmer, by one to three degrees Celsius than today and sea levels are twenty feet higher than at present. Others suggest it is only 5 meters or 16 feet above modern levels.
120,000 B.C.
Bone shards and ash deposits suggest humans, Homo Erectus, may have inhabited Old Crow America. Many people do not share this belief.
The ocean levels are 5 meters or 16 feet above modern levels.
118,000 B.C.
The world entered a long glaciations period called Wisconsin in North America and by 115,000 B.C. the sea levels fell two hundred and thirty feet below present levels. Some believe that any Canadian archaeological evidence of man would be destroyed by glaciations.
Others suggest the ocean levels are 65 meters or 213 feet below modern levels. The ocean levels fell 70 meters or 230 feet since 120,000 B.C.
It is believed a mega-tsunami generated by a landslide in the Canary Islands swept America. A normal tsunami as a result of earth quakes creates a wave usually no more than 10 meters (33 feet) but a mega-tsunami as a result of land slides causes a wave of 520 meters (1,706 feet). This would destroy every city on the east coast of America for a distance of 12 miles inland. This theory was verified in July 9, 1958 in Lituta Bay, Alaska when a land slide created a mega-tsunami of 500 meters (1,640 feet) the highest wave ever measured.
105,000 B.C.
A very brief warmer period engulfed the world.
100,000 B.C.
The ocean levels are 15 meters or 50 feet below modern levels. This is the highest ocean levels until about 6,000 B.C.
Homo Sapiens is located at Dali, Shanxi Province of China. Musk oxen crossed the Bering straight from Asia to Canada then on to Greenland. There is no indication that man followed the musk oxen but this is surely a possibility.
The modern Domestic Dog species is believed to have evolved between 100,00 B.C. and 50,000 B.C. It is believed that more than evolution occurred during this time period.
The Muskoxen migrated from Asia to America about this time.
Mammuthus Columbi is only found in America and is a likely a descendent of Mammuthus Meridionalis (mammoth).
Mammuthus Primigenius (mammoth) migrated from Asia to America. This would imply the continents are linked. It is interesting that Mammuthus Columbi did not migrate from America to Asia.
More modern researchers are now willing to accept the migration of man between Asia and America likely occurred over the next 50,000 years.
It is noteworthy that South America is dominated by blood type '0' with virtually no type 'A', 'B' or 'AB'. This lends credibility to the aboriginal claims of having originated in America.
90,000 B.C.
The Musk ox that migrated from Asia to America survived to modern times through at least three ice ages.
The ocean levels are 38meters or 125 feet below modern levels and dropping.
82,000 B.C.
A second very brief warmer period covered the earth.
80,000 B.C.
Twenty-five bone fragments believed altered by man are discovered in Old Crow. Many scientists are skeptical. Early man is however learning to cope with northern climates by producing fire at will, fabricating tents and winter clothing. He is hunting and following large animals such as the mammoth. During the next 70,000 years, deer, modern bear, beaver, reindeer and caribou migrated from Asia to America. Cows, horses, antelope and camels moved from America to Asia and Europe. This general migration must surely have included early man. Some believe this is the earliest possible migration date of man from Asia to America or visa a versa.
Drilling 400 feet below Mexico City area turned up corn pollen. Modern or domestic corn is dated to 7,000 B.C. in this same area. The transition of a grass to a corn cob must have taken thousands of years.
The ocean levels are 20 meters or 66 feet below modern levels. They will quickly drop over the next 10,000 years.
70,000 B.C.
The ocean levels are 90 meters or 295 feet below modern levels.
60,000 B.C.
Many believe that evidence suggests oceangoing boats were in use.
It is believed that the first people to settle Australia crossed 80 miles of open water to reach their goal. The oldest dated Australian skull is dated to this time. It is equally feasible that the People could cross the Bering Straits at any time they desired. Some speculate the Americas were settled by the Polynesian People about this time.
Some scientists believe 'The People' (Paleo Peoples) began arriving in Canada via a coastal migration establishing colonies along the Pacific Coast. Others contend they could move south from Alaska and Yukon via ice-free corridors after being isolated from Asia due to the glacial retreat. Most however contend the theoretical corridor, if it existed, was impassable being biologically barren. Queen Charlotte Islands, Brooks Peninsula on Vancouver Island and other areas of Alaska and British Columbia remained forested during the ice ages. Some believe the 'The People' originated near the Lena River in Siberia. The People however believe they originated in south America at this time.
Most people believe American natives originated from Mongolian Asians. The Mongoloid people have a high frequency (11-25%) of type B blood. If this current theory is true then this genetic imprint must be found in the Americas. Central and South American people are exclusively type 'O' blood. Only the Eskimos (Inuit) of America have this Mongolian signature. Others argue that the Mongoloid people replaced an earlier culture whose remnants are the Ainu of Japan, Australian aborigines and the American People. The Ainu People have 32% type 'B' blood and this marker is not evident in the Americas.
The ocean levels are 35 meters or 115 feet below modern levels.
This began a period of glacial retreat and sea levels rose, severing Asia and Alaska that would last until 20,000 B.C. This is not true, in fact ocean levels continued to drop during this period. During part of this temporary warming period most of North America is free of glacial barriers and world temperatures are warmer than today. Some dental studies, genetic and molecular biology research suggests that man probably immigrated to America as early as 60,000 B.C. The first people are believed to be the Amerind speaking family of languages, the Paleo-People. This first migration is likely composed of numerous sub-migration groups. Some believe the Blackfoot, blood and Peican were among the earliest migration. Blood type 'A' is the highest (82%) in the world among these Peoples. The Lapps of northern Europe (Finland, Norway and Sweden etc.) have the next highest (63%) incidents of Type 'A' blood type. Hawaiians have 61% type 'A' blood type. It is noteworthy that Europe has a high incident of type 'A' blood. We should not discount the possibility that the Blackfoot ancestors migrated to Europe carrying their type 'A' blood to that region.
The Aleut-Eskimo (Inuit) speaking peoples came as a second major group. The third migration wave consisted of the Na-Dene family of languages. These included Chipewyan, Slave, Yellowknife, Sarsee, Navajo and Apachie. That numerous migrations occurred is not in dispute, but little research has been done to trace the obvious migration from America to Asia. However the Navajo and Japanese are linked by a unique virus in their systems and this verifies DNA research. The Navajo, Chamorro and Flathead People have some DNA only found in China and Japan.
54,000 B.C.
Pedra Furada, Brazil contains a rock shelter with a hearth dating to this time period or earlier. There is little doubt these dating are accurate. Some critics will accept 50,000 B.C., others 40,000 B.C. and the ultra conservatives as 30,000 B.C. Future discovers are most likely to push the occupation of the Americas further back. Some People of North America contend they migrated from the south to the north, others contend they were always in the Americas.
53,000 B.C.
The ocean levels are 80 meters or 262 feet below modern levels.
50,000 B.C.
During this period there is a major migration from temperate zones to more northerly zones. There is major migration into Europe, Northern Asia and some believe into America. This is also the period of the migration into Australia. Others suggest it was 10,000 years earlier. The Australian Genyornis became extinct and it is believed humans caused this extinction.
The Savannah River, South Carolina, USA in a chert quarry contains human-chipped stone flakes and charred plants possibly from a hearth. Carbon testing dates the finds to this period. Others say this is heresy.
The Blackfoot, Blood and Peigan People of Alberta contain the highest incidents of type 'A' blood in the world. It is noteworthy that Europe is also high in type 'A' blood type. This may suggest these Peoples are the decedents of the same Caucasian People's who migrated to Europe from the Middle East about this time until 25,000 B.C.
Some archaeologists believe that Native Peoples occupied the Great Lakes Basin about 50,000 to 40,000 B.C. It is noteworthy that the Ojibwa of the Great Lakes and Atlantic coast contain genetic markers of an European source. It is believed the Wisconsin Ice Age depopulated this area.
The first indication of tool making
peoples in America appeared in the Yukon and Brazil about this time.
It is assumed they migrated from Northern Asia, some dispute these arrivals
date. If the dating from Brazil is correct then tool making is likely
much earlier than this period. The bison (buffalo) are thought to have migrated
from Asia to America about this time.
This period until 25,000 B.C. is considered the pre-projectile point
stage, as there is no indication of the people using stone points on their
spears.
This is considered the C14 barrier as Carbon 14 dating prior to this time contains insufficient C14 to allow dating. Samples from acid soils can't be dated with this method and charcoal samples is the most accurate. C14 assumes the carbon content is static, which is a poor assumption.
Stone tools and charcoal at Serra da Capivara, in northeastern Brazil suggest human habitation. Naturally this conclusion is challenged.
Pedra Furada, Brazil contains 400 prehistory sites including 340 stone walls filled with ancient paintings. Of these only two have been excavated suggesting this date. New remains are being found at the rate of 40 per year. American archeologists reject these claims but French and South American archeologists, after studying the findings, concluded the site clearly establishes human presence to this date. It is interesting to note that some North American archeologists will concede the ruins they likely date to 32,000 B.C. This site basically kicks the chair out from under long held beliefs of the archeologist community. Some archeologists suggest the American archeologists should write less and excavate more.
R.S. Sotty MacNeish found evidence of human occupation in the Pemejo Cave, in south central New Mexico. It contained extinct animal remains, basketry, a pendant, apparent crude stone and bone tools, clay-lined fire pits with human finger and palm prints in the clay. The cave appears to have been occupied 50,000 B.C. plus to 11,000 B.C.
Some archeologists suggest the finds at Calico Hills in California predates 50,000 B.C. but this was totally rejected by the American archeology community.
46,000 B.C.
Evidence at Pedro Ferado (Furada) in North East Brazil establishes Pre-Clovis man in this area giving support to those academics who support the arrival of man before 50,000 B.C. Pedro Furada also has rock art dating to this period making it the oldest art in the Americas. The People's legends suggest that man has always lived in the Americas and migrated from the south to the north.
45,000 B.C.
The ocean levels are 42 meters or 138 feet below present sea levels. however over the next 2,500 years levels dropped to 61 meters or 200 feet below modern levels.
40,000 B.C.
The ocean levels are 42 meters or 138 feet below present sea levels.
Richard Morlan discovered worked bone fragments that are radio carbon dated to this period and that suggests man is living near the Old Crow basin.
The Old Crow Basin in the Canadian Yukon Territory is an important fossils and
artifact deposit of early Peoples of the Americas. Processed animal bones
suggest People are present in this area until 25,000 B.C. The bones
include the extinct mammoth, giant beavers, ground sloth, camels, several kinds
of horses, giant bison, short-faced bears, American lions, short faced skunk and
many more. Others continue to contend this evidence is still not conclusive because it was not found
in-place (in situ). It is also noteworthy that the accuracy of radiocarbon dating
becomes less reliable by this date. Refer to 23,000 B.C. for 'in situ'
evidence.
Polished stone axes are found in New Guinea, a skull is found in a
cave at Niah, Borneo but no indications this people is closely related
to the Americans. Some contend Asian people use the sailing raft
and this is sufficient technology for a one way trip across the Pacific
Ocean from this time forward.
Linguistic analysis by Johanna Nichols of Berkley suggests that the Native American language Amerind to have evolved into its' 155 families of languages in America would have to be introduced 35,000 to 40,000 B.C. They speculate modern language originated 100,000 B.C. in Africa only spreading to Southeast Asia about 50,000 B.C. Modern man however is in Asia at 100,000 B.C. in contradiction to this theory.
Excavations at Santa Rosa Island, California suggests humanoids occupied this area at this time.
Some believe the 'Paleo-Indian' People likely entered Canada bringing with them fire making skills. This will likely prove an error as man is believed to have been in America since before 50,000 B.C. Clay fireplaces suggest the People had fire before this date.
38,000 B.C.
Some contend Australia is being peopled at this time from Asia. The people must travel 90 kilometers of open water about the same distance as Asia to Alaska. A basic assumption is that the land itself didn't rise or fall. It is noteworthy that about 3,000 B.C. the coast of Peru rose and fell some sixty feet within one season. Wall paintings in Brazil have been dated to this period suggesting human habitation.
Human footprints, preserved in volcanic ash, are made in Valsequillo Basin, near Puebla in central Mexico.
Old Crow Basin, Yukon has signs of human habitation.
A frozen mammoth is analyzed and they concluded the internal organs do not differ significantly from modern elephants.
37,000 B.C.
China Lake, California is claimed to be one of the earliest site of human habitation.
36,000 B.C.
One famous Projectile-Point site is Lewisville, Texas where early human remains have been found estimated to be 38,000 years old. It is assumed that earlier man is a pre-projectile point technology. This is a poor assumption because stone tools are difficult to date. The style of points manufactured suggest the technology is developed in America and not from Asia. Some dispute this carbon dating as within the hearths are choppers and a Clovis point suggesting a much later date unless the Clovis point is a later addition.
At Orogrande Cave, in southern New Mexico, stone tools suggest human occupation.
35,000 B.C. to 25,000 B.C.
Some genetic researchers suggest the first arrival of People to America was 35,000 to 20,000 B.C. More and more researchers suggest America was peopled likely before 50,000 B.C.
An interglacial period when the world is warmer than today and the sea levels are twenty feet lower than today. Many believe this is an ideal period for the colonization of America. Linguists agreed by saying it would be most likely that this is the Early Migration to America based on language variations in America.
Others suggest the ocean levels are 68 meters or 223 feet below modern levels.
Others suggest adverse climatic and environmental changes drove the ancient bison, sabre-toothed cats and mammoths to extinction.
33,000 B.C.
Yuri Mochanov found a Dyukhtai site
on the Aldan River, Siberia that could be the ancestors of the North American
aboriginal people but the dating is suspect. It is believed these
people would have had to range widely over a huge territory, camping near
their kills for a few days and then moving on.
Some suggest that stone flaked tools from this period at Monte Verde,
Chile provide evidence of human occupation.
The Chauvet Caves in southern France contain paintings, engravings and drawings of a sophisticated nature not radically improved for the next 10,000 years. This has caused a radical rethinking of the beginnings of art. The caves contain 420 animal figures some of extinct species.
32,000 B.C.
Conservative archeologists as a result of the Pedra Furada, Brazil discoveries will concede that man was in the Americas by this date.
Genetic markers arrived 32,000 to 10,000 B.C. from Europe to Central America. These markers do not exist in Asia.
31,000 B.C.
Monte Verde, Chile, stone hearths suggest human occupation at this time, maybe earlier. Even the conservatives are having difficulty discounting this claim. They wonder why few evidence supports early occupation of North America.
30,000 B.C.
South America, Monte Verde, Chile is inhabited based upon carbon 14 dating however they didn't use BI-facial stone points or delicately fashioned tools. Alaska, Yukon and Mexico areas indicated use of simple tools made of stone and animal bone including projectile points, cleavers and scrapers.
A child's skull is discovered in 1961 near Taber, Alberta, is carbon dated to 30,000 years and is believed one of the oldest found in North America. Some suggest it is closer to 60,000 B.C. while others suggest 18,000 B.C. Still others, who ten years later, tested the skull, placed the dating of the Taber skull as 3,500 to 10,000 years old. The geological context suggested about 25,000 B.C. however comparable strata nearby dated 30,000 to 47,000 B.C. Carbon dating of fire pits points to this date for habitation. Very confusing!
Pedra Furada, Brazil, hearths suggest human occupation.
Australia is again being peopled at this time and the inhabitants had to travel eighty-eight kilometers over the ocean even at the height of the glaciations period. The generally accepted belief is that most peoples of this period are terrestrial hunters and gathers and that has no basis in fact.
Evidence suggests the world was struck by cosmic rays and debris from an exploding star that was world wide but its epicenter of destruction was the Hudson Bay. Evidence exists in Alberta and Manitoba. Evidence suggests a later supernova struck earth in 11,000 B.C. It is believed these altered the path of human evolution causing climate change, destruction of mega-faun species and the sudden appearance of A & B type blood. This theory has yet to be published and subjected to scientific scrutiny.
DNA evidence suggest from this period or earlier at least five migrations existed between the old and new worlds before the arrival of the Viking. There are four major lineages between native Americans and Siberia and north-east Asia, notably in Baikal and Altai-Sayan. A fifth migration exists between Europe and North America with no lineage to Asia. This early haplogroup X lineages (based on Mitochodrial DNA) occurs most among the Algonkian-speaking groups especially the Ojibwa, and has been detected in two pre-Colombian north American populations. Haplogroup X (based on Mitochodrial DNA) is found in two to four percent of Europeans and in the Middle East, particularly in Israel. It is noteworthy that DNA evidence shows up in America, Europe and Central Asia but not in Siberia. Some call this marker the Solutrean People or pre-Ojibwa Peoples. This may strongly suggest a direct move from Europe to America as no trace is found in Eastern Asia.
Some suggest there was no ice free corridor from now until 12,000 B.C. and to complicate matters there was no one in Siberia to migrate to America until 23,000 B.C.. These researchers consider the land bridge ice free corridor as a fable with no scientific supporting evidence. They consider it a hypothesis not a theory. This is not true as ocean levels are about 52 meters or 170 feet below current sea levels. By 16,000 B.C. it will drop to 142 meters or 466 feet below current levels.
Some suggest Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas are occupied by the People over the next 20,000 years.
29,000 B.C.
Ocean levels are 48 meters (157 feet) below current ocean levels.
28,000 B.C.
This is the height of the warming trend called an interglacial period but the last ice age has not completed its process of forming Canada including the Great Lakes. Eurasia peoples are believed still immigrating into Canada. Artwork carbon dated 26,000 to 22,000 B.C. is discovered at Piaui, Brazil and skin scrapers are discovered in the Yukon carbon dated to 25,000 B.C. Later dating would place the Yukon find at year one B.C. The People's artifacts are discovered in the Crowsnest Pass, Alberta dated 23,000 B.C. There are indications that the Yucatan culture in Mexico began from 30,000 B.C.
Monte Verde, Chile site dates human occupation to this period.
The New Mexico climate changed from being wet and cold to warm and dry similar to present day conditions.
26,000 B.C.
Orogrande Cave, New Mexico, a fireplace is uncovered suggesting habitation.
25,000 B.C.
Conservative archaeology places this as the most likely earliest possible appearance of man in America. Old Crow River, Yukon provided some material dated to this period. A bone scraper is found very similar to one used today. Old Crow Basin is an 8,300 square kilometer area located 160 kilometers from the Arctic Circle. Ice conditions from this date to about 15,000 B.C. makes it highly unlikely that land migration could have taken place from Asia. If this is true then the ancestors of North American peoples would have to be traced to the Mal'ta-Afontova a simple, edge-trimmed tool culture and or more probably the Dyukhtai stone knife and spear point that is flaked on both sides, both cultures are of eastern Siberia that existed until about 8,000 B.C.
A people from the Caucasus Mountains, Russia share common DNA among the Ojibwa and Dakota Sioux in America. This suggests some of these Peoples migrated to America or the Ojibwa or Dakota Sioux migrated to Russia.
The Mal'ta lived in long houses and hunted both Arctic and plain's game. Their tools included scrapers, burins and edge-trimmed points and they are expert bone-workers who carved female and bird figurines. Their earliest appearance is about 18,000 B.C. that is the maximum glaciations. Unfortunately the land bridge advocates have provided no linking proof to this Asian peoples.
The Sandia culture in the Sandia Mountains of New Mexico is believed by some to have existed from this date to about 10,000 B.C. The Sandia used lanceolate points, two to four inches long, having rounded bases on one side, others used Clovis points.
It is believed the Algonquian and Athabascan speaking Peoples occupy the Columbia and Fraser rivers Plateau about this time before being driven south to Northwest California by the advancing ice about 22,000 B.C.
Genetic research suggests the Ojibwa and Sioux arrived American about this time.
24,000 B.C.
Some speculate that the European culture called Solutrean may have used water craft similar to Eskimo boats to navigate to North America. This speculation is based on similarities of Clovas points. It is noteworthy that the Solutrean culture either changed their tools or migrated before 19,000 B.C.
Orogrande Cave, New Mexico, a toe bone of a horse with a spear point embedded is discovered.
23,000 B.C.
Jacques Cinq Mars concluded that Mammoth bones from a cave at Cinq-Mars near Bluefish River confirms there are people in the northwestern Yukon at this time. Bone tools are radiocarbon dated to 23,000 B.C. Mars believes the Bluefish Caves were used until 8,000 B.C. This claim is hard to disprove as the find is 'in situ'.
Shan Hai Ching (Classic of the Mountains and Rivers) is sited as evidence of the Chinese visit to the Americas. Others suggest it is mythological and not geographical. Some believe the Shan Hai Ching represents a geographical survey conducted by Ta-Chang and Shu-Hai during the reign of the Emperior Yao about 23,000 B.C. Others suggest it was rewritten about 202 B.C. to 9 A.D. and half the writings are missing.
22,500 B.C.
The Bluefish caves of the Yukon are believed occupied at this time.
22,000 B.C.
Tlapacoya, Mexico site carbon dates to this period but some discount the finds suggesting the charcoal is not necessarily man made and the blades found could be intrusive from a much later period.
Many conservatives suggest this timeframe or earlier is classified as the Early Migration to America likely down the coastal route. This is a 10,000 year addition to their old bench mark now called the Late Migration of 12,000 B.C. Linguists however say this is not early enough to create the various languages. They suggest the Early Migration is likely 35,000 B.C.
21,000 B.C.
It is believed that this is the coldest period of the Ice Age that officially ended 18,000 B.C.
According to long held scientific theory, Alberta is covered with continent sized ice sheets from glaciations. This is not supported by facts. Gravel pits near Edmonton, Alberta reveal that during this time the area is teeming with wildlife. One gravel pit yielded 900 bones. An extinct giant bear, a North American lion, mastodon, wolves, giant bison, cow sized ground sloth, camel and herds of horses. Some believe the ice age didn't affect this area until after 20,000 B.C. based on the analysis of these bones.
20,000 B.C.
Genetic evidence suggests a second migration of People from Asia to America occurred between 20,000 to 18,000 B.C. The first migration occurred 35,000 B.C. or earlier. Some suggest that between 20,000 to 17,000 B.C. even the coastal route for migration was blocked by glaciers. They conclude and migration had to be via sea.
The ultra conservatives suggest the Inuit and the People's cultures began to differentiate in Siberia about this time having started from a common Mongoloid stock. A jawbone of a domesticated dog and one of an 11 year old child is discovered in Old Crow, Yukon. Some scientists suggest the only glaciations period in Alberta began about this time and peaked by 18,000 B.C. The Hueyatlaco site near Puebla, Mexico carbon dates to this period. The local geology dates to 200,000 B.C. so some discount this site.
There were giant icebergs in the ocean as far south as Mexico City. The furthest south in recent times was northern Florida in June 2, 1934. It is noteworthy that during most of the worlds history the North and South Poles were free of ice.
The boat was in use in Japan making a sea migration to America more plausible.
19,000 B.C.
The Alaskan cave lion that is about one hundred pounds heavier than modern species is believed extinct about this time. He had roamed from Alaska, Yukon to California.
The Savannah River in rural Allendale County (Topper site) under a layer of Clovis Points was discovered 500 to 600 "bend break tools" dating 19,000 to 15,000 B.C.. Skeptics suggest these alleged tools are geofacts produced by natural fracturing and stream transport. Deeper excavation pushed back occupation to 50,000 B.C. This is out right rejected by skeptics as it centers around a possible hearth.
18,000 B.C.
Dyukhtai people had settlements in Siberia and northeast Asia and some speculate these are the ancestors of the first man in America. Some claim that no human finds in North America data before this time. Old Crow they claim with carbon dating to 29,000 B.C. is not found in their original geological context thus their data is suspect. Other archaeologists suggest that Meadowcroft in North America and Pikimachay in Peru are occupied at this time thereby challenging the Dyukhtai theory.
Pleistocene Man or Minnesota Man from Pelican Rapids is actually a young girl, well-preserved and estimated to be from this time period.
Chipmunks survived and are living during the Wisconson and Illinois glaciation's period.
Meadowcroft Rockshelter near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania shows signs of human occupancy.
Evidence of the use of human altered tools is uncovered at Saskatoon in 1968. The Kutenai canoe used by the peoples of Creston British Columbia is only found in the Amur River region of Russia.
Chiachula stone tool artifacts associated with glacial till deposited 21K to 18K B.C. discovered in Calgary, Alberta are date to about this time. Naturally others challenge this early dating.
Artifacts developed by a southwestern European culture called Solutrean are sometimes strikingly similar to Clovis tools. There appears to be a stronger connection from America to Europe tools than a America to Asia connection.
Lassen Park in Northern California experienced volcanic activity between 28,000 B.C. and 18,000 B.C.
Research in the Yucatan Cenotes (underground caves), Mexico found animals fossils like camelid, giant armadillo, an extinct horse dated to this time and to 8,000 B.C. Some believe the Yucatan Peninsula was covered with dry grasslands at this time.
17,600 B.C.
The sandstone cliffs of southwestern Pennsylvania have uncovered a basket of bark dated to this period.
17,000 B.C.
Meadowcroft Rock Shelter, thirty miles southwest of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania suggests it is occupied periodically from this time until 1,200 A.D. Some suggest these findings are based upon false association of materials and carbon contamination and push the dating to 11,000 B.C. Others suggest 15,000 B.C. is more likely making it the earliest relatively acceptable appearance in the Americas at that time. Their diet included walnuts, hickory nuts, acorns, black cherries and other nuts and fruits. The basket fragments suggests a date of 17,600 B.C. is more accurate.
An Inca genesis story recorded by Juan de Betanzos (1551) and Cristobal de Molina (1553) says two pre-human cultures were destroyed at Lake Titicaca Bolivia/Peru. The first by fire and the second by water about this year. The physical evidence suggests the flood was by sea water leaving a 6' silt deposit with sea shells now at 13,300 feet above sea level. I think the timing is speculative and may not be accurate. The Chinese record a similar event where the ocean waters swept over the mountains to flood the lands.
16,000 B.C.
Maximum glaciations and sea levels are four hundred and twenty-five feet below present levels and maximum glaciations in America as far south as thirty-nine degrees north. The Great Lakes are completely covered with ice. Barren polar deserts covered the dry northern latitudes of Siberia and Alaska. Huge zones of desert occupied more than half the earth's surface between latitudes thirty degrees north and south.
Ocean levels were a staggering 140 meters (460 feet) below current ocean levels. Since 50,000 B.C. to about 6,000 B.C. ocean levels have been on average 40 meters below current levels.
Genetic study suggest Cro-Magnon man likely arrived 16,000 to 19,000 B.C. in America from Spain. During this same period Caucasian genes arrived central American and can be found among the Aztec People. Cro-Magnon man is blood type 0 and rhesus negative. This is the same as found in the Basque and Irish People. These people commonly have curly reddish brown hair and green eyes. Peru have red haired Caucasian mummies.
Tools found at Cactus Hills, along southeastern Virginia's Nottaway River suggest occupation from 16,000 B.C. to 8,000 BC. Some tools clearly are layered below Clovis points suggesting that this technology was a late comer to America.
15,000 B.C.
Bluefish Caves in the Yukon have evidence of human occupation including mammoth and other bones undisturbed.
A skull from Laguna Beach, California is first dated to this period. Some suggest that later test suggest an age of only 3,000 B.C. This is the optimum time if the first Americans came out of Asia either on foot or by boat following the Pacific shoreline. Research suggests they would find hospitable territory.
The Meadocroft Rock shelter in Pennsylvania dates to this period. It is suggested this is a pre-Clovis culture but others argues the site is contaminated by humic acid leaching.
A site in the Saltville Valley in southwestern Virginia is also occupied at this time and appears to predate Clovis culture.
Pedra Furada, Brazil has human remains positively identified to this time making it the oldest verified human remains in the Americas. It also has cave paintings dated to this period. This site has be occupied since 54,000 B.C.
14,850 B.C.
The Monte Verde, Chilean archeological finds suggest support for a west coast migration.
14,300 B.C.
Human feces (corrolites) were found in the Paisley vaves in south-central Oregon. Also found were tools, thread, cord and baskets. The feces is DNA linked tp east Asia and Siberia. This find predates the Clovis peopling of America.
14,000 B.C.
Paleo-People are in South Carolina about this time.
The Lake of the Woods (Ontario) a remnant of Lake Agassiz is believed peopled about this time but evidence is not considered conclusive.
13,700 B.C.
Evidence is mounting that ice-free plains existed along the British Columbia coast some 130 meters below present sea levels. Evidence collected suggests a diverse ecosystem more conducive to migration of early man than the interior route.
13,500 B.C.
The Clovis Indian culture first appeared in Canada. Clovis artifacts first appeared in Clovis, New Mexico and migrated north..
13,070 B.C.
A dig at Cactus Hill, on the Nottoway River south of Petersburg dates to this period.
13,000 B.C.
Genetic evidence suggests a third migration of People from Asia to America occurred about this time.
Canadian historical evidence of the people is scant prior to this time due to the scouring of the ice age but many believe Canada is being repopulated about this time.
The last great glaciers have begun their withdrawal from southern Canada. Lake Agassiz (Manitoba and North Dakota), Lake Chicago (Lake Michigan) and Lake Maumee (Lake Erie) all drained into the Mississippi. This created a natural waterway that early man surely traveled to commence the re-population of Canada.
Savannah River, South Carolina is occupied by primitive hunters leading some conservative archeologists to concede that America was populated by 13 to 18 thousand B.C.
Dental studies of Native American teeth suggest a very distant relationship to the Caucasoid of Europe and suggest a separation about this time from the Northern Asian populations. This likely represents a second or third wave of immigrants from Asia.
There is seldom livable terrain in Canada that the Palaeo People failed to penetrate. New technology moved around the continent at an astonishingly wide coverage. Some believe the Canadian People's culture is different from the more Southern Peoples having changed into the people of the Plains and Mountain West, Woodland people and Mongol. The Plains and Mountain West People included the Proto Waukeshan, Siouan and Algonkin. The Woodland People would become the Iroquois. These people are believed to have migrated north as the glaciers retreated. The Eskimo (Inuit), and Athapascan have recently arriving from the Northwest.
The People are living at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin about this time.
Mount Tehema in the Lassen Park region of Northern California has experienced eruptions between 23,000 B.C. to 13,000 B.C.
12,500 B.C.
Most will now accept this date of the Monte Verde, Chile site that had many perishables like grass twine, and butchered mastodons likely killed by Basalt Points. It is noteworthy that over fifty sites are known that predate this site but are contested for one reason or another.
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