WE LIVE IN A CHOSEN LAND
04/13/2008
INDIAN HISTORY 1000 - 1449
INDIAN HISTORY Return to INDIAN 1000 BC - 1599 AD index
The Canadian Peoples began to settle into more recent
territorial regions,
as the weather stabilizes, so also the people.
1,000 B.C.
The Ojibwa are believed to have created rock carvings in Petroglyphs Provincial Park, Ontario starting about this time.
Some believe the Beothuk natives of Newfoundland originated about this time from Labrador. They are an Alkonkian speaking people and might have been the Skraelings the Viking encountered? The Beothuk were responsible for the People being called Red Skins. They used red ochre mixed with fat on their exposed skin to project against insects and sunburn. They traded the St. Lawrence area and as far south as New England.
The Iroquois are believed to have penetrated as far north as the St. Lawrence River Valley (Quebec). They are using pottery and are growing corn, squash and beans. The Adena Peoples began developing pottery, practiced agriculture and lived in multifamily dwellings. They cultivated sunflowers, pumpkin, gourds and goosefoot as food sources. They made a wide range of stone, wood, bone and copper tools as well as pottery and cloth. This culture radiated from the Ohio River Valley to southern Lake Ontario and Erie and they are mound builders. The culture lasted until the year 200 B.C. and probably evolved into the Hopewell Culture.
Some contend the Chinese influenced Mexican Mayan and Aztec (meaning shallow land where vapors rise) architecture and painting. They both have common use of jade especially in burial practices and the presence of the Asian hookworm infestations among American Peoples are most conclusive of cultural exchange. Evidence of pottery in northern Manitoba and Saskatchewan also first appeared about this time. The Old Copper Culture of the Great Lakes appears to have disappeared about this time. About this time the Dorset culture emerged gradually spreading across the Canadian Arctic Region onto Newfoundland. They used the bow and arrow as well as the harpoons.
The Mystery Hill ruin in New Hampshire suggests people of the Mediterranean may have established a city in this location. Some suggest the Phoenicians (Sea People) who traveled the Mediterranean and west African coast are responsible. Some suggest the Celts called Iargalon established a colony in a land beyond the sunset. They claim evidence from New England to as far west as Oklahoma and Colorado support their theory. Some suggest the evidence suggests the Celts are from the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). They claim the Celts made frequent trips to and from America, and point to numerous artifacts in America of Celtic origin, including the Mystery Hills of New Hampshire. European trade goods have not yet been found in America to support this claim of frequent trade. The state Oklahoma is named from the Choctaw ford meaning the Red People.
It is noteworthy that some Native Americans in California and the Great Basin exhibit an unusual amount of facial hair suggesting some Caucasoid genetic connection.
The oldest verified teepee ring in Alberta dates to this time.
'Indian Writing-on-Stone', Alberta is a sacred spiritual place believed by some to be used as a vision quest site. Some suggest it is a temporary burial site including the use of totems representing their significant life deeds. Totems are firstly used to identify bands and clans. A woman of the Wolf clan could not marry a Wolf clansman in any tribe however far removed. A man of say the Bear Totem from any tribe no matter how far removed is treated as family by another Bear Totem. Honor made them duty-bound to help one another. A second totem or name is acquired when they become older and a complete person sometime after a vision quest or major accomplishment that is usually validated at sundance or other community celebrations.
The South Carolina People are cultivating sunflowers.
It is believed the bow was introduced to the Oklahoma People about this time.
The Blackduck culture is in Northern Minnesota about this time.
Corn from Central America is introduced into the Anasazi culture along with textiles and basketry.
The early Olmec nation (1150-1000 B.C.) at Canton Corralito is washed away as the Coatan River destroyed their city.
It is believed the Olmec People of Central America fist harvested and processed into a drink cacao (Chocolate).
900 B.C.
The Chavin culture dominated Peru spread throughout the central Andes to 200 B.C. The Chavin metalworking, textile techniques and art featuring stylized animals influenced generations to come. Chavin de Huantar is considered the womb of Andean civilization.
The earliest known sauna or sweat house is unearthed in Beliza near the ancient city of Cuello believed to be built by the Maya.
The Anasazi culture began their Pueblo period building impressive cliff dwellings. They appear to practice excarnation in their burial rites. Chaco Canyon, New Mexico was an economic, ceremonial, and administrative center of some 6 to 10 thousand people. Corn samples from this area originated more than 50 miles away. This area could not produce corn. And the wood used to construct this town also came from at least 50 miles away. Closer sources of timber were never tapped.
The oral history of the Longhouse places the origin of the League among the Iroquois as having started about this time.
The late Olmec nation (900-500 B.C.) began about this time period. Ojo de Agua included pyramids in Chiapas, Mexico. Other cities included Paso de la Amada, Mazatan, Canton, Corralito and La Blanca. Towns of 2,000 or more inhabitants are common and some exceed 6,000 people. These People made corn beer.
800 B.C.
The indigenous culture in the Arctic is in a state of transition to a Dorset culture and by 600 B.C. the Dorset artifacts can be distinctly recognized from the pre-Dorset artifacts. It is noteworthy the pre-Dorset people migrated from Alaska about 3,500 B.C. arriving Greenland about 2,000 B.C.
A wooden bird carving from the British Columbia coast survived to become the earliest known art works in B.C.
Barry Fell, a marine biologists claims a calendar stele found in Davenport, Iowa has Egyptian writing on it along with Ibero-Punic and Libyan scripts. Others don't agree with this interpretation..
The weather in the southwest U.S.A. stabilized into its current modern state.
700 B.C.
The Lost Tribes of Israel theory originated about this time and much time and effort has been expended to prove that the Peoples of America are this lost tribe without much success.
700 B.C.
Bright, multicolored cave paintings at Juxtlahuaca and Oxtotitlan, Mexico are some of the most sophisticated for this time period.
The Temple Mound Culture at Cahokia on the Mississippi River flourished from about this time until 1400 A.D.
600 B.C.
The Olmecs of Mexico (1,200 to 300 B.C.) created the first known writings in America. It was always assumed writing started much later.
The Maya culture emerged about this time in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. They were using the Cenotes (underground caves) for religious rituals. They believed Chac, the sustainer of life and the God of Rain, lived deep in the Cenotes that they called Dzonot or the abyss.
The Paracas culture existed 600 B.C. to 100 B.C. and is believed responsible for creating 50 huge figures in the hills near Palpa, Ei, Peru. The scrapings include drawings of animals, birds, monkeys and people and cover 145 sq kilometers...
The Mormon religion believes an Israelite named Lehi arrived America and were the ancestors of the Incas, Aztecs, Mayans and American Indians, but few historians give this any credibility.
The Dorset culture is firmly delineated being neither Eskimo (Inuit) nor American-Indian in nature. It is believed however they delineated from the same peoples as the Inuit. Dorset sites include Port au Choix, Newfoundland.
500 B.C.
Bawating (Sault Ste Marie) is occupied about this time by the Laural pottery culture. They occupied the Lake Superior area for the next one thousand years (until 500 A.D.). Some contend that these are the Algonkian Peoples. Others suggest the Terminal Woodland People believed to be the Algonkian People didn't arrive until 900 A.D.
Tobacco is being grown in the Great Lakes area. Elaborate burial rituals are being employed, including the building of burial mounds, in the St. Lawrence valley. There is however a sudden worsening of conditions in northern Canada weather after the long warming trend that began before 3,000 B.C.
Evidence suggests the natives of Manitoba, Wisconsin and Minnesota are not only processing wild rice but also sowed it. There is some indication that the Prairie The People's Sundance Ceremony may have started about this time near Medicine Hat, Alberta.
Near Sherbrooke, Quebec is found in the early 1700's a limestone inscription
dating to this period. It is believed Libyan reading "Thus far our
expedition traveled in service of our revered Lord Hiram to conquer land"
and "This is the record of Hanta who attained the great river and left
these words cut on stone."
The Chinchorro culture that occupied the northern Chilean coastal region
since 5,500 B.C. disappeared about this time.
The Thunder Bay People are trading to the Atlantic Ocean.
Pottery first appeared on the upper Mississippi River.
Some believe a skeletal remains and step pyramids and carvings resembling Egyptian culture suggests an African influence in central America.
DNA from bone marrow of 1,500 year old mummies found in northern Chile was analyzed. The results show that a virus associated with adult T-cell leukemia was prevalent in native Andeans and in a small section of people from southwest Japan. The study also theorizes that the virus may have originated from paleo-Mongoloids who migrated to Japan and South America more than 10,000 years ago.
Baja California contains skulls more closely associated with south Asia and this culture existed until 1700. Both the Pima and Maya cultures have genetic links to South Asia. The Noanama/wanana, Choco, Columbia are closely linked to Japan.
The Birnirk culture people are believed to have occupied northern Alaska from 500 B.C. to 1,000 A.D.
490 B.C.
A Sicilian coin from Syracuse on the Island of Sicily was discovered in a field near Phenix City, Alabama.
450 B.C.
Studies at Lake Titicaca, Bolivia/Peru suggest from 450 to 250 B.C. was a dry period.
400 B.C.
Dorset sites are well established in Labrador and Newfoundland. They built large communal dwellings, covered by skins, some are sized, 19 feet by 128 feet, and they also produced art objects. It is believed they are using dog sleds for transportation and are abandoning the bow and arrow. Small oil lamps are being used. The Boreal Archaic the precursor of the Beothuk culture occupied Newfoundland about this time. It is noteworthy that there is no evidence to suggest the Dorset, Boreal Archaic or the Beothuk engaged in any war like activity.
Central America is using balsa rafts between 400 to 300 B.C. and they are Caucasian having red and blonde wavy hair.
330 B.C.
Pytheas a Phoenician (Greek) explorer sail the Atlantic to a land called Thule beyond Britain. It is noteworthy they had the technology to achieve this voyage but hard proof is lacking.
300 B.C.
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.), a Greek philosopher, said it was possible to cross from Spain to the Indies. This belief was verified by the work of Eratosthenes, a Libyan mathematician, in 231 B.C. This belief would later drive men to attempt discover of the North West Passage.
The Hopewell culture began replacing the Adena culture south of the Great Lakes. They are also mound builders who established a far-flung trading empire from the Stony Mountains to the Atlantic and from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico and Florida. At Hopewell sites have been found obsidian from the Black Hills and the Stony Mountains, copper from the Great Lakes, shells from the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, mica from the Appalachians, silver from Canada and alligator skulls and teeth from Florida. The Hopewell culture lasted until 700 A.D. The Hopewell achieved an agricultural population level that exceeds twentieth century agricultural levels.
The first mound builders at the place of the Long Rapids (Kay-Nah-Chi-Wah-Nung) Manitou Rapids, Michigan presently called Rainy River First Nation, are known as the Laural Culture. They inhabited this region from 300 B.C. to 1100 A.D. This Archaic Culture were the first residents but are believed not to have built the mounds.
Diomede Island between Siberia and Alaska contains a native population and includes trade items from China and Russia lending support to the continuous migration theory between America and Asia.
Celtic-style carvings and ruins are discovered in New England, Colorado, Vermont, New Hampshire and eastern Tennessee that included writings in the Ogam alphabet.
Maize (corn) first appeared in the Ohio Valley this year and isn’t a popular crop.
250 B.C.
Trade items suggest ocean travel between Mexico and Peru.k
Studies at Lake Titicaca, Bolivia/Peru suggest from 250 B.C. to 100 A.D. was a wet period.
231 B.C.
Eratosthenes, a Libyan mathematician accurately calculated the circumference of the world. He reasoned it was possible to sail west to India. As a result, it is believed Maui and Rata sailed to America exploring California, New Mexico, Texas, Iowa and Nevada. They eventually pressed on to Polynesian Islands where they settled among the People, according to legend.
200 B.C.
The early Paleoeskimos (Dorset People) of Newfoundland disappeared from this region about this time or evolved into a new Dorset Eskimo People. The Dorset Eskimo People apparently occupied Labrador and Newfoundland until 1200 A.D.
Peru's royal tombs (200 B.C. to 1,450 A.D.) are being robbed into the 21st. century as these tombs are discovered.
The Chavin culture in Peru is replaced by the Nazca and Moche cultures that lasted to 600 A.D. The Moche culture is believed to have practiced human sacrifice, built pyramids and irrigation canals. It is believed that much of the Maya tradition originated from these peoples.
The Tinanaku (Tiahuanaco) culture is believed to have started 10 miles south of Lake Titicaca, Bolivia having evolved from the Pucara culture.
The City of Teotihuacan began about this time and the culture flourished 200 B.C. to 650 A.D. in the Mexico City Valley.
Maize is grown in the Illinois Valley this year.
Thirteen towers on a hill in Peru, 400 kilometers north of Lima, is an observatory and calendar. They were accurate within a few days.
The stones of Ica, Peru have the archeological community divided as to their age or a modern hoax. There are over 15,000 stones with pictures of man and dinosaurs, a man riding what appears to be a horse, and another an astronomer. The stones were recovered not far from the Inca and Nasca Valleys that contain the lines and drawings of Peru that are believed to date to this period.
175 B.C. A bronze Syria coin of Antiochus IV was found in Cass County, Illinois and was minted 175 to 164 B.C..
100 B.C.
Agriculture is significant along the Mississippi River system. About this time the Teotihuacan culture began evolving into the Toltecs by 1,000 A.D. and then into the Aztec culture. The Aztec obtained their doctrine of the One Supreme God from their Teotihuacan ancestors. God is the master of the Everywhere, who is like the night and the wind. He is Mother of the gods, Father of the gods, the Supreme God. The Toltecs of Mexico who trade into New Mexico and Arizona are so rich that their foodstuffs are not valued. In their homes nothing is lacking, no one is ever sorrowful or poor. The ears of corn are as long and as thick as the pestle of the grinding stone. Their cotton garments are in diverse colors, red, yellow, pink, white, purple and green. Their palaces are oriented toward the four points of the universe. Only one God did they have at this time.
The Anasazi or Ancient Ones began their four corners culture in Utah, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico corners. This cultural center lasted until 1,300 A.D.
The Moche and Nasca culture (100-800) flourished in Peru building magnificent cities, underground aqueducts and irrigation canals to support intensive agriculture. Their artisans created some of the greatest masterpieces of Andean art and pioneered metalworking techniques even the Inca would later envy. Their roads would survive until the Inca empire.
From 100 B.C. to 900 A.D. the Maya used the Naj Tunich cave in Guatemala. To the Maya a cave is a portal to the underworld that the Maya call Xibalba, the dwelling place of supernatural beings and the source of life-giving rain and corn, and the home of the beloved dead.
50 B.C.
Some believe the Beothuk or proto-Beothuk appeared in Newfoundland about this time. Some suggest the Skraeling may be the ancestors of the Beothuk. Some consider that the Beothuk are related to the Algonkian as are the L'nu'k (Micmac) and Montagnais.
The Nazca culture of Peru flourished 50 B.C. to 600 A.D.
40 B.C.
Basant pottery is uncovered at the Garratt site near Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan.
8 B.C.
The Sulawesi Island, Indonesian has a complicated process of making bark-cloth that is identical to the Mexican method. Even more interesting, the Sulawesi method is not as similar to the Java and Borneo bark-cloth method. It would appear the Sulawesi had sailed east to America taking their cloth making methods with them.
5 B.C.
This year is the coldest year in the northern region since 3,000 B.C. obviously slowing agricultural development.
4 B.C.
The Mayan calendar appears to be highly influenced by Taxila, Pakistan. Taxila is a great center of learning that included scholar from both China and Egypt. The Taxila scholars knew that the world is round but did not know the circumference. This would be a compelling reason to find out for themselves and that would imply a return voyage to America. The Mayan calendar is a better system for measuring time than any Eurasian calendar because they eliminated the need to keep the moon and sun in step, a brilliant idea for this time. The Mayan culture used mathematics to understand and explain their history. Both the Mayan and Chinese considered inner continuity as an important principle of civilization. They also believed that if we make an enemy of the earth, we make an enemy of our own body. This fundamentally important belief is not part of the European tradition and is probably the basis for the Asians believing the Europeans as being an uncivilized people.
1 A.D.
Wheeled toys found in a Mayan site and tripod vessels found in Mexico lead some to believe they are of Chinese origin. The climate in South America cooled driving the people from the Andes because the crops failed. Many would not return until the weather improved in 1200 A.D.
The Maya at Takalik Abaj are using pom (a copal incense) as offerings to the heavens above.
Beni, a Bolivian Province the size of Illinois contains 30,000 square miles of man made forest mounds surrounded by raised fields and linked by causeways that was constructed by a complex, sophisticated and populous culture.
The cold weather drove the proto-Maliseet and L'nu'k ( Micmac) Peoples of Passamaquoddy Bay (New Brunswick) to build semi-subterranean houses. It is noteworthy that technology is basically driven by need rather than some other cultural reason. The practiced slash and burn agricultural techniques to keep their fields free from vegetation and built zigzagging earthen fish weirs between the causeways.
The Besant people brought their pottery to the Prairies probably from the east. It is believed the proto-Iroquois from the Ohio Valley are penetrating into the Great Lakes region. An Algonkian village occupies the future Quebec City site. The Rainy River burial mounds built by the Laurel and Blackduck peoples contain clay pots.
The Kunghit, Haida occupied Anthony Island, southerly Queen Charlotte Island, B.C. until the late 1800's being decimated by small pox.
Red Lake, Ontario is inhibited based on artifacts discovered and dated to this period.
The Mi'kmaq People are believed to be living on Prince Edward Island from this date vs. only using the Island as a seasonal location.
The Arawak (Caiquetio) People migrated from South America to Aruba Island off the coast of Venezuela. It was reported they had a strong culture as depicted in their cave drawings, petroglyphs and artifacts.
During the period of 1 A.D. to 250 A.D. is the great pyramid building period of the Teotihuacan Culture of Mexico. They built the third largest pyramid in the world and by 400 A.D. the sixth largest city in the world. Little is known of these people.
It is believed goggles were being used by the Inuit (Eskimo) about this time.
The People of Nevada are using duck decoys, made of feathers and reeds, to lure ducks for the hunters.
63 A Syria coin from Antioch with a profile of Nero is discovered near Heavener, Oklahoma.
100
The Huari and Tiahuanaco culture dominated Peru until about 1,000. Others say that between 100 to 800 A.D. the Moche culture occupied lands north of Lima, Peru along the coast line. They built pyramids, massive irrigation canals, places and temples. Art historians call the Moche culture the Greeks of the New World for their realistic portrayals. They were skilled in metallurgy and ceramics.
The Moche People lived in the Lambayeque Valley of Peru (100-700). They raised avocadoes, corn, peanuts, beans and squash. They domesticated muscovy duck, guinea pigs, and hairless dogs. They built structures 200 feet high with platforms of 4,000 square feet.
The oldest intact Maya mural ever found is uncovered at San Bartolo, Guatemala.
It is noteworthy that the European/Asian domesticated dog was introduced into America about this time and some believe that there are no known dogs being descendent from wolves. This is most likely an inaccurate conclusion. The argument is that they were most likely imported from Asia as there is no mention of dogs in the Viking accounts.
Studies at Lake Titicaca, Bolivia/Peru suggest from 100 to 300 A.D. was a dry period.
126
The Serpent Mound situated on a bluff overlooking Rice Lake near Peterborough, Ontario was used as a burial ground until 302.
250
Between 250 and 450 a major expansion occurred at Teotihucan, Mexico that included 2,000 houses and apartments supporting a population that would grow to 200,000 people. The original city name is not known but the Maya called it Puh (The Place of Reeds)
Naahtan, Guatemala the discovery of a Queen or patron deity suggests equality of the sexes.
200
A Roman terra cotta a few centimeters tall that was made about 200 A.D. was lost in the Toluca Valley of Mexico some time before 1500 A.D.
The bow and arrow arrived on the Great Prairies with the Avonlea people and some believe the technology appears to have originated in the Fraser Canyon, British Columbia. Some speculate it had previously reached the western Arctic from Asia about 2,000 B.C. The popularity of the bow and arrow and the wide spread trading patterns does not support the Asian theory. The Avonlea and Besant people appeared to peacefully coexist on the Great Prairies. The Avonlea people used the buffalo jump called Gull Lake between Cypress and the Great Sand Hills of Saskatchewan. They also ranged into British Columbia and central Alberta.
Pachacamac near Lima, Peru was settled about this time and was occupied until 1470. It was a great religious center where over 80,000 persons were burried.
250
Maya cities (A.D. 250 to 900) are being stripped of stelae and carved stone relief's, in the 21st. century just as we are learning to read their glyphs.
300
The Serpent Mounds near Peterborough, Ontario are completed on the shore of Rice Lake. Skeletons and implements suggest a Hopewellian culture. Hopewell culture is similar to the Adena culture and probably developed from the latter.
The Maya culture developed a sound-picture writing system. Of interest the Chinese has a history of over 3,500 years of sound-picture writing. Japan in the third century B.C. also adopted the Chinese system.
The Anasazi People occupied the Mesa Verde 300 to 1300 A.D. Mesa Verde is located near Mancos and Cortez, Colorado.
349
The Navajo People are believed to have inhabitant the Canynon De Chelly near Chinle, Arizona.
350
Sandstone heads are being made from 350 to 1,000 A.D. in Wisconsin leading some to believe the People are practicing a form of ancestral worship.
400
The Penny Ice Cap on Baffin Island, Canada is 50% depleted a phenomena not repeated until 2008.
Teotihuacan, Mexico (Nahuatl or City of the Gods, aka Birth Place of the Gods) also known as Puh (The Place of the Reeds) has 200,000 inhabitants making it the sixth largest city in the world. This sacred city contains the third largest pyramid in the world called the pyramid of the Sun. Some suggest it is first by volume.
The Fremont People occupied Utah 400 AD to 1350 AD. This culture was influenced by the Anasazi culture but was not an integral part of that culture. Some believe they both are descendents of the Desert Archaic People who occupied Utah since 8,000 B.C. It is noteworthy that Fremont artifacts are mostly found in Utah but can be found in Colorado, Wyoming, Nevada and Idaho. It is not know if the Fremont occupied these areas or the artifact represents trade items. It is believed the Freemont vacated the area because of drought.
440
Irish missionaries landed New Hampshire (440-461) and left a Keltic petroglyphs, others suggest is was more likely (468-483).
500
Northern weather begins to improve and the people of Punuk regularly hunted whales on St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. Whaling is also common at point Barron. The bow and arrow are widely used in America generally replacing the atlatl (spear-thrower) and is speculated by some to have originated in the northern regions.
The Dorset People abandoned Newfoundland heading northward and the southern Peoples began to occupy the region including southern Labrador.
A gathering of over 100 Besant People is recorded at Ross Creek at the southern edge of Medicine Hat Alberta.
The Tiwanaku and Wari culture (500-1100) flourished in Peru growing cotton, potatoes, corn and coca in raised beds. The Wari culture started 600 and eventually exceeded Tiwanaki in size. Roads were built for trading and for distant mines. Administrative centers were connected to cities and military outposts. The Chimu culture spread north and south from the Moche valley. Chan Chan, Peru the Chimu capital was the worlds largest adobe city.
The Chalchihuites of Mexico are mining azurite, malachite and amazonite digging underground mine shafts up to two miles long.
The Tiwanaku culture (500-1100) are at Lake Titicaca, Bolivia/Peru.
507
Some men from Tsinngan, China while crossing the sea are blown by strong winds to an unknown coast. The people speak an unknown language, they wear clothing made of cloth and shape their houses in a circular shape and the doors resembles burrows.
523
St. Brendan (484-577) of Ireland recounts how another monk told him of a land far to the west of Ireland, a land of plenty. St Brendan took this account seriously as he and 17 other monks spent 7 years to discover this land. If this be true then only two explanations exist, someone had traveled to America before this time or someone from American traveled to Europe. See 554.
550
Balzac on Nose Creek north of Calgary is an Avonlea wintering site until 750. In Southern Yukon a volcanic explosion covered over a hundred thousand square miles with White River Ash driving the People from the land. Some believe this event drove the Navajo from Canada into the United States.
554
St. Brendan (484-577) of Ireland and 17 other monks set sail for the west from Ireland. The Navigatio Saint Brendani Abatis (Voyage of Saint Brendan) published in the 9th century, resulted in an island being recorded in the Atlantic Ocean called St. Brendan's Island. The Brendan voyage lasted 7 years, and they discovered a beautiful land that they called "The Promised Land of the Saints". Some suggest the land was America, most likely Virginia. The Ogham writings discovered in West Virginia suggests monks were in Virginia about this time verifying the Brendan account. Some say the Brendan saga loses credibility because it claims Brendan and company were "raised up on the back of sea monsters", This is not so absurd as it sounds if you have ever been in a small boat in a 45 foot swell, "they passed by crystals that rose to the sky", an iceberg looks strangely like crystals, and we were "pelted with flaming, foul smelling rocks by the inhabitants of a large Island of their route", volcanic eruptions fits this description very well. The expedition traveled inland (Virginia) using a guide so the must have encountered the aboriginal Peoples. Others suggest the voyage of St. Brendan began 564.
560
A sewn hide moccasin is discovered 200 km west of Whitehorse, Yukon. Hunters have been using this area since 7,000 B.C.
Some time between 560 to 570 St. Brendan aka 'The Navigator' (500?-578) and a band of Irish monks arrived New Salem, New Hampshire. This expedition was published as "The Navigations of St. Brendan the Abbot" they explored the east coast of America.
570
Budast Monks led by Hoo Shen sailed 7,000 miles East from China and 350 miles on land to the Grand Canyon. They then explored south to central America. Mayan artifacts clearly indicate a Chinese influence in support of this Chinese report.
577
Some time between 512-577 an Irish priest known as Saint Brendan of Ardfert and Clonfert (484-577) was born near Tralee, County Kerry traveled around Ireland, Wales and Iona and founded several monasteries and churches. The book of Lismore, believed based on earlier works but dated to the fifteenth century credits this priest with a visit to Iceland and possibly North America. Others suggest the St. Brendan saga was written in the 9th century. The various maps and accounts generally disagree on location, etc. of his ventures, so this account is hard to gain serious scholar support.
590
An eruption buried the Mayan Village of Ceren in El Salvador in August or September of this year.
600
Side-notched arrow points or Old Woman's culture
begins at the Old Women's Buffalo Jump near Cayley and would last until
1600. Blackfoot legend refers to this Old Women's Buffalo Jump site
of Alberta. Corn is being grown in the Ohio region.
At Rice Lake, Ontario maize is being cultivated. This is the
oldest verified cultivation in Ontario.
The Wari (Huari) culture (600-1000) originally thought to be part of the Tiwanaku (Tiahuanaco) Empire (200 B.C.-1000) is now seen as a much larger empire stretching nearly 1,000 miles of the Peru coast. The Wari Empire dominated 1,000 miles of costal Peru from the southern Peru border north and much of the high Andes. The Tiwanaku centered on the Great Temple Masons of Lake Titicaca, Bolivia.
A village 60 Km east of St. Louis, Illinois contained dwellings made of clay and logs half submerged in the ground.
625
October 15, birth Balaj Chan K'awiil was born in the great Maya city of Tikal. He would eventually war against the Calakmul, now in Mexico. Some believe this was the beginning of the collapse of the Classic Maya civilization.
650
The Mayan City of Copan (650-820) in the valley of Copan contained some 20,000 people.
The city of Teotihuacan, Mexico (200 B.C. to 650 A.D.) in the Mexico Valley contained some 200,000 people when it was destroyed this year by fire. Others suggest the fire was 750. Some suggest the city was attacked burned and sacked. The city however never recovered and people departed for other regions.
670
Some suggest 670 to 760 is a dry period for America. Others suggest the major drought on the Prairies was 700 to 800 A.D. based on mud samples.
700
The Mississippi culture moves northward following the Mississippi river system and began to replace the Hopewell culture as far north as Wisconsin. They brought intensive corn growing to displace other historic crops in the region. The Mississippi culture represents master farmers who also maintained the vast trading routes of the Hopewell people. This culture vanished by about 1600 and the Natchez Peoples (Macro-Algonquian) are believed the only direct survivors into the eighteenth century. The Natchez had developed a complicated caste system where leaders could only marry commoners. The west coast Potlatch (meaning to give) ceremony has some similar beliefs.
Artistic styles in Mexican art suggest contact with India during this period. Some suggest the latest version of the Maya calendar originated about this time. The Maya said it came as a divine revelation from Quetzalcoatl. Fray Bernardino de Sahagun (1499-1590) studied the calendar and concluded it is derived from the devil himself.
The Irish monks are living on the Faero Island a stepping stone to Iceland on the route to Greenland and America.
Lake Cahuilla (Salton Sea) in southern California in the Imperial Valley existed until 300 AD. It was created when the Colorado River flooded to create the lake in the depression that is 227 feet below sea level. As soon as the lake was created the native People moved in to occupy its shores.
720
An eruption in the upper White River basin, Alaska triggered a population displacement that led to the Athapaskan migration eastward into the Mackenzie Valley.
750
This is the height of the Maya culture and hundreds of cities are scattered over an area the size of Britain. Tikal as an example covered 50 square miles with a population of about 62,000 people.
790
The Viking began their age of exploration, commerce, and colonization (790-1066) West to America, South to Italy and East to Russia. The Norwegians struck boldly across the Atlantic to eventually gain a foothold in America. The Danes made their mark in the British Isles and along the coastlines of Europe. The Swedes penetrated the continent on Russian rivers, reaching Constantinople and the Orient. Their theology lacked absolute concepts of good or evil; honor and battlefield valor were its highest virtues. They were free men acting on their own authority but they held slaves. The women were free to divorce and often held great power in the homelands when the men were abroad. They were craftsmen, shoemakers, blacksmiths, poets, and aesthetes who designed ships of noble proportions. The exploration of Canada was Iceland, Greenland and then Canada. The actual first landing is unknown but the Viking were in Iceland by 870. The Viking traded from Iraq to Canada and founded the world's oldest parliament lest we only think of them as barbarians.
800
Evidence of hostilities between tribes in the southern Ontario area is attributed by some to be the result of agricultural improvements. This however is pure speculation based upon European characteristics.
A study of the sentiment of the southern Caribbean area indicates a 100 year drought started about this time. As the drought progressed some years had virtually no rain. They believe the drought caused the decline and fall of the Maya Empire.
The Athapascan (Na-Dene) people are believed to have originally emigrated from Asia in skin boats about 3,000 to 1,000 B.C. The Athapascan from Canada during the period 800 to 1,000 had reached southern United States to become the Apache (meaning enemy or alien), Navajos, Karankawa, Coahuiltec and Seri. Avonlea and Besant cultures appear to have evolved into the side-notched point or Old Woman's point.
Others suggest the Athapascan or Na-Dene arrived in successive migrations from 800 to 1000. The Dene are usually only associated with the Northern Canadian Peoples
The Athapascan include:
Beaver
Carrier
Chilcotin
Chipewyan
Dogrib
Hare
Kaska
Mountain
Nahanni
Sekani
Slave
Tagish
Tahltan
Teslin
Tsetsaut
Tutchone
Yellowknife
Southern Athapascan
Apache, migrated to southern USA about 850 and are considered a
quarrelsome people.
Kiowa-Apachie mixed cultures about 1790 Kiowa migrated south from
upper Missouri
Navajos, migrated to southern USA about 1050
Karankawa
Coahuiltec
Seri
It is noteworthy that the Apache migrated south within 50 years of migrating from Asia. So much for the generations long migration theories.
Some evidence suggests that maize is exported from America to Assem in northeast India about this time.
Irish monks (clerics) visited Iceland and they called it Thule. Sailing northward they found one day's sail the sea was frozen. Some believe they sailed on to Greenland and/or the frozen sea.
Viking records suggest a Viking expedition to American occurred this year but didn't result in another expedition for 200 years. This could be the Irish monk expedition noted above.
A Maya city of Aguateca, Guatemala is burned and the inhabitants deserted the city taking little with them so sudden the departure.
A Roman coin discovered at the bottom of an 'Indian Mound' at Round Rock, Texas.
825
The Athapascan group of People in Alaska and Yukon break and a sub group called Apache that migrate south through Alberta to the southwest United States. This theory appears to contradict the northern migration theory? The Apache oral tradition also appears to conflict with this theory that suggests a northern migration.
The Irish monks are driven off Faeroes Island some time prior to this date.
830
Church records speak of Gronland (Greenland) as being a Christian Country. Some believe the Celts or Picts visited Iceland about this time.
835
A Papal bull reads in part: we appoint our son himself, the above mentioned Ansgar, and his successors as our delegates to all the surrounding nations: to the Danes, the Swedes, the Norwegians, the Funelanders, the Gronlanders (Greenland), the Helsingers, the Iselanders (Iceland). An Irish priest Dicuil wrote of Christian clerics who late in the eighth century visits Iceland and spent some time on the island..
858
May: Pope Nicholas confirmed Ansgar's archbishopric, expressly including Greenland and Iceland. Papal bulls over the next 60 years confirm the archbishopric of Greenland (Cronland and Gronland) and Iceland.
860
The first of many Viking ships arrived Iceland where they wintered. Included in this group are Floki Vilgerdarsson, Ingolf and his foster brother Hjorkief including ten Westman slaves. One version of history credits Naddod the Viking as the first visitor, another Gardar Svavar. It is believed by some that the Vikings drove many of Iceland's Westman on to Greenland. The Norse sagas claim the Irish were driven on to Greenland or Vineland. Some suggest that some went as far as the Carolinas.
Gardar the Swede circumnavigated Iceland, he named it Gardarsholm and he wintered at Husavik, Iceland. During this decade Ingolf and Hjorlief visited Iceland.
The 100 year drought, some periods as long as 9 years of no rain, is believed to cause the desertion of Mayan cities this year.
870
Some time during the past decade Naddod the Viking visited Gardarsholm and climbed a mountain looking for human life. Florki Vilgerdarson wintered Iceland about this time.
This year Ingolf and Hjorlief wintered Iceland. Hjorlief is killed by his Irish Slaves who escaped to the west. Many of the first settlers of Iceland are mixed bloods being the result of Norse Celtic unions and some were Christians.
871
Ingolf returned for his second winter in Iceland and to hunt down the Irish slaves who likked Hjorlief and fled to Vestmannaeyjar.
872
Ingolf spent his third winter in Iceland.
873
Ingolf makes a permanent settlement near Reykjavik, Iceland.
875
Celtic Monks from Greenland are believed to have established a colony on Brion Island (Magdalen Island) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and to have eventually settled on Cape Breton Island. Their settlement by Scandinavian tradition is called Huitraamannland. It is believed they are gradually absorbed into the L'nu'k ( Micmac) tradition.
Some suggest the Norsemen had sighted Greenland by this time.
880
Some suggest 880 to 1260 is a dry period in America.
889
Muslim texts suggest Muslim navigator Khashkhash Ibn Saeed Ibn Aswad of Cordoba, Spain crossed the Atlantic and returned with fabulous treasures. The Major authority on the subject dismiss this claim.
900
Global warming occurred 900 to 1280 altering the American weather patterns.
The Great Mayan culture is destroyed about this time as massive cities are abandoned and allowed to go into rune. Central America experienced the most severe drought in over 75,000 years laying waste to large tracts of the land. Rivers and lakes dried up leaving no water for agriculture or for drinking. The signs of this great drought are even recorded in the ice cores of Greenland. Some suggest this year witnessed a giant El Nino causing a sudden and violent global warming.
The Neo-Atlantic period of 900 to 1200 provided three hundred years of ideal agricultural weather to the Dakota's. Dakota corn is traded into eastern Saskatchewan and southwest Manitoba. Some suggest the Dakota resided in eastern Saskatchewan and western Manitoba not moving to their historic territory until some time prior to 1659. They suggest some time before 1200 they occupied western Ontario and eastern Manitoba. At the same time the Blackduck people are being displaced from Minnesota and southern Ontario into Manitoba and southern Saskatchewan. The Blackduck would bring mound building to the Prairies. The Algonquian People moved into Labrador and along the north shore of the St. Lawrence river as the Dorset people abandon these areas. The Glen Mayer and Pickering culture probably arriving from the south bringing their agriculture, tobacco smoking, long houses and large village characteristics of the Iroquois People that would develop 400 years later. The Thule Inuit began arriving in Alaska.
Archaeological evidence suggests the Dakota People are penetrating into eastern Saskatchewan about this time.
To improve agricultural yield and make way for development in the Mississippi Valley, thousands of Native American villages and temple centers, built between 900 A.D. to 1,700 A.D., have been flattened by the 21st. century. It is noteworthy that these modern agricultural methods have never equaled the production of the Mississippian Culture.
The Terminal Woodland Peoples occupy Lake Superior and it is believed these are the Algonkian People. This culture occupied Bawating (Sault Ste Marie) until 1650 or maybe until present times. Ojibwa tradition says these old peoples were called Giizhe Anishnaabe (the kind people) and Lake Superior was called Anishnaabe Chi Gaming (the Ojibwa Ocean) or more correctly the Peoples Ocean. They built birch bark canoe with conical and domed lodges.
Others suggest the Glen Mayer and Pickering Peoples occupied southern Ontario about this time. The were into agriculture, smoked tobacco, lived in longhouses and large villages characteristic of the Iroquois, who developed from these cultures about 400 years later.
The construction of Monk's Mound across the Mississippi from St. Louis became the center of a city of 75,000 people. These people were great farmers, they also hunted but traded up to 1,000 miles away. The mound building activity is recorded in thousands of lesser sites throughout central, northern and eastern America. This tradition continued until about 1400.
The Algonkian People moved into Labrador and along the north shore of the St. Lawrence about this time.
The Vikings Gunnbjorn Ulf and Krak Uson visit Greenland from Iceland.
The great period of the Phoenicians of Lebanon ocean exploration (900-600 B.C.) began about this time with the circumnavigation of Africa from their center in Cadiz in southern Spain. It is noteworthy that Phoenican artifacts and inscriptions are discovered in Maine, Rhode Island, New Mexico, Paraguay and Brazil. Phoenician coins have been discovered in Kansas, Connecticut, Arkansas and Alabama mostly on waterways dating to the 4th or early 3rd century.
910
An especially long severe drought caused the desertion of more Mayan cities this year.
930
The Althing Settlement is established at Thingvellir, Iceland. The Vikings Gunnbjorn Ulf and Krak Uson again visit Greenland from Iceland.
950
Algonkian cultural influences appear to have extended from Canada down into the Virginias at this time. The framework of the Dakota Sioux beliefs and form of government appears to have been almost universal from Canada to the Yucatan. This suggests extensive inter nation exchange and debate of a set of basic and fundamental beliefs and values. It is interesting to note these values contrasted sharply with the more war like and power values of the Mexico and central American peoples. The Iroquois and Dakota peoples appear to be caught between a Proto Canadian and Proto Mexican cultural distinction. Some contend the Proto Aztecs originated north of Mexico and are driven south because of their uncivilized ways of destroying rather than building cultural harmony. Europeans believe that most of the People's cultures believed war with another tribe is considered to exist unless peace is declared. Peace however is the predominant state throughout the land because every encounter established or confirmed treaties and alliances. The exchange of gifts and presents are vital to these alliances. They enhanced the reputation of the giver and defined his intentions. Most wrongs or injuries could be expiated by the giving of gifts in compensation. The People believed that actions speak with more authority than words. It is considered a cardinal crime, an offence to the Great Spirit Himself, to breach the sacred peace of the council pipe.
970
Ari Marsson was storm-driven west from Iceland to a land named Irland Mikkla or Greater Ireland. He found a Christian community. most likely Celtic Irish. Greater Ireland lies off westward in the ocean adjacent to Vinland the Good; it is reported that one can sail thither from Ireland in six days.
981
Erick the Red wrote: The Country which was called Gronland was discovered and settled from Iceland. Erick the Red was the name of the man from Breidafiord who went there and took possession of the land at the place since called Eriksfiord. He called the country Gronland saying people would desire to go there if the country had a good name. Both east and west in the country they found human habitations, fragments of skin boats and stone implements, from which it was evident that the same kind of people had been there as inhabited Vinland and whom the Gronlanders called Skrealings. It is noteworthy that the Viking had yet to encounter the Skrealing.
983
Erick the Red makes his first visit to Greenland from Iceland. Others suggest he was outlawed from Iceland in 981 and sailed for Greenland and explored the coast of Greenland for three years. Although Greenland was mostly ice and snow he named it Greenland to encourage settlement. It worked because before long 25 ships full of eager settlers sailed for Greenland.
985
Bjarni Herjolfsson an Icelandic explorer, led the first group of colonists
to Greenland establishing a Western and Eastern Settlement. He went on to
discover America over 500 years before Christopher Columbus. By his
descriptions of a hilly, forested land west of Greenland it is believed to be
Vinland likely Nova Scotia.
August: Bjarni Herjolfsson is blown off course and is believed to have sighted Labrador, Canada. The Beothuk Peoples occupied Newfoundland but usually remained inland or on the west coast. This could account for a lack of sighting by Bjarni Herjolfsson, the Viking, who arrived this year. Later accounts would classify the Beothuk as being six feet tall and light complexioned. The account went on to say when they dressed in European cloths, they looked like Englishmen. This account is probably intended as an insult towards the Beothuk. The Beothuk and Dorset people known to be very friendly had established peaceful coexistence with other people of the Newfoundland region.
985
Erick the Red with 25 ships sailed for Greenland but only 14 arrived, some were driven back, others were lost, according to Ari, son of Thorgil.. They established two settlements on the south western end of Greenland.
986
By this date Erick the Red had established three settlements on Greenland:
It is estimated that the Viking population of Greenland peaked at about 4,000 people. This being the maximum number of people the region could accommodate.
995
The Wendat (Huron) Peoples are cultivating corn around the Great Lakes area. Corn was developed in Mexico, by the Mayan ancestors, about 5,000 B.C. and gradually traded or carried northward.
Lief Rirksson set out to explore Vinland (Newfoundland) with 35 men, returning with wild wheat, wild grapes and trees called mosurr (likely maple).
997
Thorgisl Orrabeinsfostri is blown off course
and ship wrecked on the east coast of Baffin Island with Thorief, Col,
Starked, Gunrun and ten Westmen slaves. Westmen is any peoples from
the British Islands but most likely the Pict or Celt tribes. The
Viking is also taking Anglo and Saxon tribe slaves during this period.
Included in the party are Lostan and his wife Thorarin. All the people
and livestock are saved from the ship wreck. They come across the
Dorset (Tunnit People?) and killed them. Later the Dorset People (the
Skraeling) saved a Viking boat when it drifted off and returned it to the
Viking. The Dorset are described as very large people and could not be
Thule (Inuit) as they didn't arrive this region until the 12 century and were
not a very large people. Others however suggest these were likely Algonkian
People. It took the party four to five years before the Viking made
it back to southern Greenland.
999
Eirik and his son Thorstein ventured to Vinland but were blown off course to the south and returned to Greenland.
Iban Farrukh a Muslim of Granada, Spain sailed westward and discovered two Islands. Some suggest it was likely America.
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