THE SPANIARDS CONQUERED THE INCA
The Basque are trading at Tadoussac and St, Lawrence, Quebec
INDIAN HISTORY 1565 - 1599
INDIAN HISTORY Return to INDIAN 1000 BC - 1599 AD INDEX
THE ENGLISH GENTLEMEN CALL THE NATIVE PEOPLES SAVAGES
AS THE ENGLISH MURDER THEIR OWN CREW FOR A CANNIBALISTIC MEAL
1530
Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Caca (Vaca) (1490-1557) first described the bison (buffalo) to Europe. Some say 1533 see below.
Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo (d-1543) was one of the wealthiest men in Guatemala and was commissioned by Pedro de Alvarado (1486-1541) to build a flotilla of ships to explore the Pacific coast.
Nuno de Guzman, President of New Spain interviewed Tejo an Indian of Oxitipar, son of a Trader who started the legend of the fabled 'Seven Cities of Gold'.
1531
Juan Diego Cuautlatoatzin an Aztec died 1548 was beatified by the Roman Catholic Church in 1990. He is credited with an image of a dark skinned Virgin Mary on a clock that is now called the Madonna of Guadaloupe. Some even dispute his very existence.
Marcos de Niza (1495-1558) a French Franciscan from Nice arrived America and traveled with Francisco Pizarro (1476-1541) to Peru and trekked from Guatemala to Mexico by 1537.
1532
The Spaniards conquered the Inca Empire (1532-1536). Inca meant ruler and by extension one of his ancestors or relatives not a culture. Francisco Pizarro (1476-1541) with 160 fortune hunters marched into the mountains of Peru to confront Atahuallpa. They invited the Inca to peace talks and proceeded to murder the party and took Atahuallpa hostage. The offer of 20 tones of silver and gold failed to buy his release and he is executed. Francisco Pizardo of Spain spread smallpox throughout Peru as he took Cusco the Inka capital city. Francisco Pizarro (1476-1541) instituted a reign of torture, rape and enslavement of the Inca peoples. Chronicler Pedro de Cieza de Leon (1518-1560) wrote: Wherever the Spanish have passed ...it is as though a fire had gone destroying everything. Francisco Pizarro (1476-1541) brother's Gonzalo, Juan and Hernando participated in these atrocities. Many Inca fled to the interior to fight a final battle in 1576.
The Spanish soldiers in Francisco Pizzarro's expedition found emeralds as large as pigeon eggs. They believed true emeralds could not be broken and pounded their finds with hammers and the stones shattered. They concluded the emeralds were colored glass and destroyed a Kings ransom.
The Spanish ship St. Miguel is lost at 27 parallel Baja California, on the Pacific Coast.
June 13: Diego Hurtado de Mendoza sailed two ships from Acapulco to explore the Pacific coast northwest of New Spain commissioned by cousin Hernan Cortes (1485-1547). Nuno de Guzman caused a mutiny and Hurtado disappeared and presumed murdered.
1533
A natural cave at Vieux Bic (Quebec) is the site of a grisly massacre of two hundred native men, women and children, probably of the Montagnais who are burned to death by placing fires at the entrance to the cave that they are apparently hiding in. The perpetrator of this crime is unknown. This however could be the basis of the Ojibwa legend of the Mousoneeg Clan. The Mousoneeg were numerous and powerful when the Ojibwa lived towards the rising sun (Salt Sea?). They are ill tempered, obnoxious, warlike, quarrelsome and proud of their strength and bravery. Slight cause sent them to make war on their brothers the Monsone. A General Council decided the Mousoneeg should be exterminated as a clan. The men are killed and the women and children absorbed into the Monsone clan. The warriors of the Mousoneeg are invited to a specially constructed council lodge and as their great numbers filled the lodge, the former leaders and elders through courtesy arose and departed the structure. A great feast is set before the Mousoneeg and then the doors are suddenly closed and fastened on them. A thick and dry covering of grass is fired trapping the evil men and those who attempted escape are dispatched with barbed arrows shot through the narrow openings between the lodge poles that confined them.
One of the earliest reports of 'Indian cattle' (bison) is made by Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Caca (Vaca) (1490-1557) in Texas this year. Cattle come as far as here. Three times have I seen them and eaten of their meat. They come as far as the seacoast of Florida from the north some 400 leagues. The European community did not believe Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Caca (Vaca) (1490-1557) until 1636.
Atahuallpa an Inca ruler who reigned (1532-33) gained power by murdering his brother Huascar (1527-1532) is captured and himself murdered by the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro (1476-1541).
Hernan Cortes (1485-1547) sent a second expedition to the Pacific coast under command of Hernando de Grijalva. Diego Becerra's ship mutinied under pilot Fortun Jimenez (Ximenes de Bertandona, Ortuno) a Basque pilot, who killed Diego Becerra, crossed the Gulf of California (the Sea of Cortes) to discover Baja California where twenty Spanish are killed by the People at Pahia de la Paz. After the murder of Diego Becerra, other wounded officials and three Franciscans are set ashore on the Colima coast. It is believed Jimenez named the area California. He and others were killed by the natives.
Manco Inca ruled (1533-1545) rebelled against the Spanish and moved the capital city to Vilcabamba in the remote mountains. Tupa Huallpa d-1433an Inca reigned only a short time before he died.
The Spanish first discovered the Pericu Indians of the Baja Peninsula California. They are believed to number some 50 to 60,000 people. They were considered to be an aggressive people by the Spanish. Analysis of their bones suggest they were in excellent health having a diet of about 50% seafood. The were one of the few cultures on the California coast who had ocean watercraft and double bladed paddles. The Pericu are distant cousins of the Navajo but isolated in the southern Baja for a long time, separated from other cultures by sea, ocean and barren lands. In the distant past the Baja was a lush forested area but global weather changes turned most of it into a waste land.
1534
It is noteworthy that the Basque have been trading furs at Tadoussac in the New Found Lands for years before the arrival of the French this year. It is assumed the Spanish are also in this favorite historic trading spot.
Jacques Cartier (1491-1557) of Saint Malo, France had previously sailed to Brazil and the gulf of Saint Lawrence, Canada. He was sent to find the passage to Asia. He departed April with two ships and sixty one (61) men. One of Cartier's officers said the Beothuk had no more God than beasts, and are bad people.
Later, at the Bay of Gaspe, (Chaleur Bay), Quebec/New Brunswick border the MicMac set up a great clamor to trade by holding up furs on a stick. Cartier concluded these MicMac had been frequently trading with other Europeans in the past. They later encountered a group of Iroquois who had come down to fish. They had no furs to trade and Cartier concluded they had no trading experience with Europeans.
Still later and further to the northwest, Cartier had the audacity to erect a cross on the Peoples land without council. Donnacona a spokes person of Stadacona made it very clear to Cartier that they had no rights to this land. The People with one voice chanted cassee kouee, go away! go away! as this is a violation of acceptable conduct by visitors. Cartier quickly returned to the safety of his ship. The People followed in their canoes and Donnacona delivered a solemn oration telling the French that this is the People's land and that they had defiled tradition and acceptable conduct, thereupon Cartier repented and made offers of retribution by giving presents and gestures of humility. Cartier convinced Donnacona to send his two sons Taignoagny and Damagaya to France to see the King. Donnacona agreed to this request. Others suggest he kidnapped the two boys. The French clergy created a myth based on limited information that these new peoples were godless yet peaceful. They have no cities nor machines of war like the French. They can be easily conquered.
Pedro de Alvarado (1486-1541) of Spain sailed his fleet to Ecuador for booty against his agreement with the Spanish crown and was forced to sell his ships and return to Spain. He avoided trouble with the Spanish authorities for his transgression
Hernan Cortes (1485-1547) led a third expedition to the Pacific coast and founded Santa Cruz (La Paz) on Baja California. It was abandoned in 1536.
Fortun Ximenez explores Baja California in Santa Cruz Bay, where he is killed.
March 25, Guillaume Le Gatz of Paimpol, France engaged as a pilot departed for New Found Land. Pilots are usually people who have previously been to the target destination.
In the summer: Jacques Cartier (1491-1557) of France who was commissioned to find the trade passage to Asia. Jacques Cartier (1491-1557) noted that Labrador is fit only for wild beasts and must be the land God gave to Cain. In the Bay of Chaleur, fifty canoes of Micmac approached Jacques Cartier (1491-1557) and his ship to trade. The Micmac are accustomed to trading with the Basque however the French being fearful, postured by firing canon and musket volleys. The Micmac are bewildered by this unusual behavior and held council that night deciding to again enter into trading relations the next day. The rituals of trading are conducted with great success and included hundreds of men, women and children. Cartier note that the savages bodies are fairly well formed. Cartier noted wild grain like rye was being cultivated in New Brunswick.
September: Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Caca (Vaca) (1490-1557) a slave of the Mariames People escaped with three other Panfilo de Narvaez (1470-1528) castaway slaves, Alonso del Castillo Maldonado, Andres Dorantes de Carranza and Dorantes an African slave Estevananico. They made good their escape but were again enslaved by the coastal Avavares People with whom they wintered.
December: The Yucatan peninsula is abandoned by the Spanish being devoid of gold. Francisco Montejo (1479-1553) had withdrew to govern Chiapas and Honduras.
1535
Basque fishermen are reported to frequent the St. Lawrence and southern Newfoundland regions. It is said they had excellent relations with the Montanese people but poor relations with the Eskimous (Inuit) peoples. The earliest portrayal of Eskimos is on a map of Scandinavia, Carta marina by Olaus Magnus issued in 1539. The world map of Pierres Desceliers of 1550 also displays Eskimos and an acceptable rendering of eastern Canada.
Taignoagny and Damagaya explored Europe and explained Native culture to the Europeans. They described the cities of Hochelaga and Saguenay, as well, they explained the Canadian River (St. Lawrence river) system and the Great Lakes beyond. It is becoming apparent that the French are less than trustworthy men so they cleverly concocted a story of fabulously rich country, called Saguenay where yellow metal could be found in great quantities. They hoped their story would ensure a safe return to their homeland. During their venture they learned the French language.
Jacques Cartier proceeded up the Canadian River to Montreal. Montreal (Hochelaga) contained extensive fields of corn at this time. The Algonquian greeted Jacques Cartier with 'cantata' meaning welcome and some believe this contributed to the country being named Canada. Some feel the name comes from Spanish 'acanada' meaning nothing there, as they sailed along the coast of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Not to be out done the Portuguese who sailed the St. Lawrence long before Jacques Cartier saw the narrow passage and exclaimed 'canada' meaning a narrow passage. Early Basque navigators used the word Canada to mean a straight or narrow passage.
Some suggest Montreal Hochelago a palisade village was occupied by 3,600 Iroquois at this time.
A thousand people, at Hochelaga, greeted Cartier with honor and delight. Cartier, not trusting Taignoagny and Damagaya reconfirmed the existence of the city of Saguenay on the Ottawa River as well as the existence of the Great Lakes and Niagara Falls. The natives warned Cartier that the people where the Ottawa runs are called Agojudas, probably referring to the Algonkin and Ottawa (Odahwaug), saying they are cruel and wicked people. This common native accusation is probably based on their desire to retain control of newfound trading partners. The city of Hochelaga is surrounded with cultivated lands. the main crop however is corn. Cartier was introduced to tobacco but failed to see the market potential. Cartier played the role of a Jesus Christ to obtain more information and the People brought their sick and maimed to be healed by his touch.
Hochelaga is built in the round with three levels of ramparts and Cartier preceded to christen the place Mount Royal. This action infuriated the Peoples and they wondered why the Frenchmen had not listened to the wisdom of Donnacona? Cartier hastily departed Hochelaga and returned to Stadacona fearful of the hostile inhabitants who are following his ship. He was thankful his remaining crew had built a strongly fortified stockade for the winter near Stadacona. Meanwhile, as a result of council, Donnacona and Taignoagny went south to recruit Iroquois allies against the French infamy.
Cartier failed to reach the ocean and is forced to winter near Statacona. Not more than 10 of Cartiers men were in good health. The People noted that the French prayed to their icons to have pity on them. Cartier lost 25 men to scurvy before the the sons of Donnacona showed them the white cedar tree called annedda whose bark made a broth that cured the dreadful disease. To show his gratitude at being saved Cartier planned to capture and enslave Donnacona. Cartier enticed Donnannoca onto the ship and put him in irons. Cartier told him that the King of France was his master. The People spent all night calling Donnacona, Donnacona. The People would not forget this atrocity against the People. Cartier struck north in 1535 to Anticosti Island, made land, then returned to St. Malo, France. The Great Donnacona of Statacona died in France as a slave in 1539.
Another account reads:
Francisco Pizarro (1476-1541) made Lima, Peru the Spanish capital city as Cusco the Inca
capital city and other high altitude Inca cities made the Spanish sick and short
of breath.
Alvar Nunez
Cabeza de Caca (Vaca) (1490-1557) and his party of castaways traveled westward
to other tribes between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande. In August
they set out to complete a seven month journey across the continent.
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado (1510-1554) arrived Mexico as part of the
entourage of Antonio de Mendoza , New Spain's first viceroy (1535-1549), who appointed
Coronado provisional governor of Nuea Galicia in 1538. Meddoza had
authority over all lands north of the Isthmus of Panama, including Cuba,
Jamaica, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico. He also had the Philippines until
1589. The viceroy however, centered in Mexico City and included most of
southern America including California, Oregon and Washington. The viceroy
included Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Nevada, Utah, Kansas, Oklahoma, Wyoming,
Texas, Louisiana, parts of Arkansas and greater Florida that included parts of
Mississippi, Alabama, Tennesse, Georgia, the Carolines and Virginia.
Herando Cortes founded a colony in Santa Cruz (La
Paz) California, but it would be abandoned in 1537.
The Chachapoyan (Cloud People) of Northern Peru (800-1470) who were defeated
by the Inca in 1470 joined forces with the Spanish to defeat the Inca. The
Cloud People were finally decimated by European disease.
August 13: Taignoagny and Damagya, the Iroquois returned to Stadacona
(Statakwan meaning wing) Quebec and referred to their village as Canatha
(meaning collection of lodges) and Cartier assumed they referred to all
the lands. Finally being reunited with their people Taignoagny and
Damagaya became hostile to the Frenchmen. They explained to their
people that the French showed no faith in the People's good will because
they never set foot on shore unless armed to the teeth, whereas the People
had no weapons at all. They explained that the French also intended
to go to Hochelaga (Montreal). Cartier then showed his contempt by
declaring "your God Cudragny must be a fool and a noodle." The People are in a dilemma caught between friendship and trading principles and the
council of Taignoagny and Damagaya however the decision had already been
made as he had sent emissaries to make ready for the Cartier visit to Hochelaga.
Others suggest he refused to help Cartier.
December: In late December the castaway party of Alvar Nunez
Cabeza de Caca (Vaca) (1490-1557) came upon Spanish slave hunters on the Rio
Yaqui and arrived Mexico City July 24, 1536 to meet Viceroy Mendoza. 1536 Robert
Hore of London ventured from Gravesend, England to explore N.W. Canada for a
trade route to the east, with the following gentle men: Weeks, Tucke,
Tuckfield, Thomas Buts (son William Butts Physician to Henry VIII and a founder
of the College of Physicians, Hardie, Biron, Carter, Wright, Rastall, and Ridley
sailing in the ship Trinite. The Ship Minion sailed with Armigal Wade
(afterward clerk of the Privy Council, member of parliament (1547-1553)), died
June 20, 1568, William Wade, (afterwards ambassador to Spain, Scotland, and
France; member of parliament, 1588, 1601, 1604-1611, knighted May 20, 1603,
lieutenant of the Tower under James I, died October 21, 1623, Oliver Dawbeney, a
merchant of London, and Joy (afterwards of the Kings Chappel); making a total
crew of sixe score of which 30 were gentlemen. March:
Northern Mexico, Alvar Nunez
Cabeza de Caca (Vaca) (1490-1557) the Great Explorer who is living among the People learned that the Spaniards
near the Yaqui River, Mexico had been killing and enslaving the People
especially taking the women and children. This is a savageness unknown in
their history suggesting the Christians lacked any respect for the givers of
life. The inhabitants had fled to the mountains to escape the
killing and enslavement by the Christians. The survivors
though near starvation showed Alvar Nunez
Cabeza de Caca (Vaca) (1490-1557) great kindness sharing their meager food
supplies. It was later discover that Diego de Alcaraz a weak and vicious
Spanish Catholic was doing the killing. April, end of month: Gravesend,
England, departure of the Robert Hore's Expedition of Gentlemen to Canada to
find the NorthWest Passage. These Gentlemen were inept and ill prepared
for this voyage. April: Cabeza de Vaca and three other survivors of the
Narvaez expedition (1527) arrived New Spain. June: Robert Hore's Expedition of Gentlemen
arrived Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. They then sailed to Penguin on the east
coast of Newfoundland. It is assumed they already knew that the St.
Lawrence is not the NorthWest Passage or they were inept. At Penguin the
spied a boate (boat) with Savages and attempted to take them but they
fled. They ran out of provisions and had no knowledge how to gather
provision so famine visited the expedition. The men while on foraging
missions, for roots and grubs, resorted to murder and cannibalism to sustain
themselves. They would broyled (boil) their comrades by these means.
They would tell the captains the missing men were devoured by wild beasts or
killed by the savages. They cast lots of who should be killed next and
eaten A French ship happened by with lots of provisions, especially fish, and
provisioned the starving English Gentlemen with vittaile. Robert Hore's
Expedition of Gentlemen then sailed northward before returning to England,
arriving in October of this same year. Later the French complained to the
England of this savage and barbarous act of cannibalism by the English Gentlemen
but these Gentlemen were never punished for their crimes. It is noteworthy
that the French had been fishing off Newfoundland for many years prior to this
time. This is the first reference to the Peoples of America being called
savages. 1537 Alvar
Nunez
Cabeza de Caca (Vaca) (1490-1557) returned to Spain having completed ten years living and traveling
among the Peoples of America. He would lobby the King and Roman Catholic
Church to urge a peaceful winning of the American-Indians to King and Church. His pleas
would fall on deaf ears. As a footnote Estevenico the black Christian Arab
from Morocco who also explored with Alvar Nunez
Cabeza de Caca (Vaca) (1490-1557) led the Spanish Priests into American territory to convert the savages. Estevenico however added a new twist and
insisted they deliver to him beautiful women for his personal use where ever
they went. The People finally executed him for this repulsive behavior. The
Spanish set up a puppet Inca ruler in Cusco named Paullu Inca (1537-1549) and
awarded him a Spanish coat of arms. He was succeeded by Carlos Inca
(1549-1572) who married a Spanish Woman.
June 2: Pope Paul III banned the enslavement of Indians in the New
World. 1538 Esteban
Gomez, the Spanish slave trader who was slaving Canadian shores is killed on the
Paraguay River in South America. Mercator the mapmaker is believed to be the
first to use the term 'America' on his maps. Marcos de Niza (1495-1558) a French
Franciscan from Nice was part of an expedition to the Pacific coast. He
traveled to La Junta de los Rios and other villages finding the People lived in
permanent dwellings, grew beans, corn and pumpkins and manufactured cotton
blankets. They traded turquoise to People from the upper Rio Grande. The
Spanish defeated the Chibchan speaking People of Bagota. 1539
The
introduction of the Spanish pig is also the introduction of anthrax,
brucellosios, leptospirosis, taeniasis, trichinosis and Tuberculosis that would
spread to the wildlife in North America such as deer and turkeys. The
Native People only domesticated the dog, llama, alpaea, guinea pig, turkey and
muscovy duck and therefore there was little or no zoonotic diseases. Marcoas de Niza
(1495-1558) a French Franciscan; Estevanico d-1539 (Estivan the Moor) of
Spain a slave of Andres Dorantes visited the Pueblo People in the American South West
(New Mexico) and is later killed by the Zunis. Antonio de Mendoza had
acquired the services of Estevanico from Andres Dorantes and placed him under
the leadership of Franciscan Marcos de Niza. Marcos de Niza (1495-1558) a
French Franciscan from Nice reached Zuni, New Mexico and named the area the New
Kingdom of San Francisco and offered fantastic tales of a wealthy city even
larger than Mexico City. He created this hoax of the fabled Seven Cities
of Gold likely to achieve fame buy encouraging creation of a New Kingdom.
This Franciscan fray was branded a liar and sent back in disgrace, his health
broken, he died Jalapa, Mexico in 1558. Melchior
Diaz d-1541, is sent to verify the exciting reports of Marcos de Niza and establish a
route from Culiacan to the southwest Arizona's Gila River valley. He made
a negative report. He joined the Coronado expedition of 1540 as a
scout. He was fatally wounded by his own lance. Pedro
de Alvarado (1486-1541) of Spain returned to Mexico with a large contingent of
Spanish volunteers.
Francisco de Ulloa explores the western coast of America and proves
California is not an Island, as had been believed since 1510. May 9: Friar Marcos enters the wilderness of Arizona
and learns of the death of Stephen Estevan, a Negro at Cibola. Stephen had
a trading expedition of 60 people when he was killed. He was not well
liked by the Friars due to his involvement with the women. It is believed
he was killed because of his demand for sexual favors of the women. May
30: Fernando De Soto visited the Peoples village of Aquile in Northwestern Florida.
He landed 600 soldiers, 200 horses and 300 pigs at Tampa Bay. He had
become very rich at a young age by becoming a market leader in the American-Indian slave
trade. Napetaca a village of the Yustaga People in Florida is the scene of one of the
worst battles against Fernando De Soto. It is noteworthy that Fernando de Soto
dug up American graves to get the pearls that were buried with the dead. The Gulf
Coast Peoples traded pearls as far north as Ohio maybe further. Between
1539 and 1543 de Soto attempted to assert Spanish domination over the native
Peoples of the Southeast. Over four years he would allow his men to rape,
torture, enslave and kill countless People in Flordia, Georgis, North and South
Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas and Texas basically wrecking
almost every thing they encountered. Every where they traveled there
were American towns and cities but 150 years later the people were mostly gone
being destroyed by European diseases. It is noteworthy that these
mercenaries were let loose in North America by the Spanish Crown.
July 8:
Hernan Cortes (1485-1547) sent Francisco de Ulloa d-1540 of Spain to chart the outer
Baja coast, the Gulf of California and he charted the
coast of Mexico and California. He reported a few skirmishes with the
natives.
1540
The last of the original Viking Greenlanders
appear to have been at Herjolfness, Greenland (the Eastern Settlement) as a Dutch whaling skipper
out of Iceland named Jon reported finding abandoned booths and houses and a dead
hooded man there of European nature. Meanwhile the
Basque continued whaling operations between Labrador and Newfoundland. The
Basques had established a whale fishery station on the Strait of Belle Isle that
flourished into the 1590's. The Basques employed about 2,000 men who lived
Newfoundland-Labrador for six months of the year.
During this decade it is estimated that 2,000 men caught and processed whales
at Red Bay, Newfoundland. As the century progressed Red Bay, Labrador
would become the whaling capital of the world with more than 20 shore
stations and a grave yard of more than 120 individuals. Fernando de Soto
visited the Choctaw noting that they were outstanding agriculturists of all the
southern tribes. Fernando De Soto visited Kasihta (Cusseta) a town of the Creek
People located on the east bank of the Chattahoochee River in Chatttahoochee
County, Georgis. These people according to Fernando de Soto believed that they were
descended from the Sun. Rumors are circulating among the People that Cibola
had been captured by fierce people (Spanish), who traveled on animals which ate
people. Bigotes (wiskers) wore a long mustache. Likely a Metis, he was
tall, well-built young fellow, with a fine figure from Acuco. He offered
himself as a guide to Coronado (1510-1554).
February 23: Mexico City, Francisco Vasquez de Coronado (1510-1554) assembled the Coronado Expedition
of 250 horsemen, 70 foot soldiers 1,300 or more natives, a number of African and Indian
servants, over 1,500 animals, including extra horses, oxen, cows, sheep and
swine. (I)-Francisco Vasquez de Coronado (1510-1554) was the first European to record the use of the Travois by the
Plains people to move their tipi. These devices were drawn by dogs and
later by horses. Between 1540 and 1542 Coronado would visit the Hopis,
Zunis, Apaches, Wichitas and Pawnees. He explored the Colorado River,
visited Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas claiming these lands for
Spain. He was the first recorded European to visit the Grand Canyon.
Some suggest the Asians (Chinese) might have preceded him. Upon his return he was branded a failure by
the Spanish leaders for his failure to find gold or silver. He was also censured
for numerous atrocities against Indians under his authority. He was removed from office in 1544
in disgrace. Spain was driven by greed.. March:
Franciso Vasquez de Coronado (1510-1554) reached Cullacan the northwestern
outpost of the Spanish that was half-way up the coast of the Gulf of
California. April: Francisco Vasquez de Coronado (1510-1554) with
200 horsemen rode north as an advance party, May 9: Acapulco, Hernando de Alarcon sailed from Acapulco to
re-supply the Coronado Expedition. July 4: Francisco Vasquez de Coronado (1510-1554)
conquered the Sode Pueblo called Hawikuh and renamed it Granada, it is now
occupied by the New Mexican Zuni Peoples. From this location expedition
parties were sent northwest to the Moqui tribes of Tusayan. Another party
westward to the Grand Canon of Colorado. Another party to the east to the
Rio Grande. Summer: Garcia Lopez de Cardenas, Pedro de Tobar of Spain (part of
Coronado expedition) visited the Grand Canyon and visited the Zunis and Hopis
People. They attempted to climb down to the Colorado River but only made
it one-third of the way. Juan de Padillo of Spain (part of Coronado expedition) is killed
by the Wichitas. Melchoir Diaz of Spain visited Arizona and the Gulf of
California. He is believed the first person to visit the Salton Sea in the
Imperial Valley of Southern California. Summer: Pedro de Tobar and
Garcia Lopez de Cardenas (part of the Coronado expedition) visited Awatobi a pueblo of the Hopi in northern Arizona. Summer:
Hernando de
Alvardo (Alarcon) (1466-1541) a Spanish explorer visited Taos aka Tewa (Towih) or Tuata or Red Willow
Place in New Mexico. Summer: Pecos one of the largest pueblos in New Mexico
on the Pecos River 30 miles south east of Santa Fe, New Mexico is occupied by
the Jemez. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado (1510-1554) estimated their population as 2,500 people. By
1790 they numbered less than 17 people and by 1838 the pueblos was abandoned.
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado (1510-1554) also visited Puaray a village of Tigua who lived along the Rio Grande,
New Mexico near Bernalillo. Summer: Sandia an ancient pueblo 12 miles north of
Albuquerque was visited by Francois Vasquez de Coronado (1510-1554) the Spaniard this year. It should not
be confused with the modern pueblo of the same name. Summer: Hernando de Alarcon
(1466-1541) of
Spain (part of Coronado expedition) visited the Gulf of California, mouth of the
Colorado River and encountered the Cocopas, Halchidhomas, Kohuanas, Mojaves and
Hualapas Peoples. This expedition visited Florida, Georgia, Alabama and
Mississippi. They were the second expedition to visit the Mississippi
River and crossed it near Memphis, Tennessee. Summer: Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo
(d-1543) with 13 ships and over 1,000 men set sail up the Pacific coast of north
America. He was ordered to find the Strait of Anian (Bering Strait, the
fabled Northwest Passage), that connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, this
was now believed by some to separate Asia from America. Some suggest that
he may have been also ordered to sail on to China. August 26: Hernando de Alarcon
with two smaller boats and 20 men entered the Colorado River that he named Buena
Gufa. Over the next 15 days the dragged their boats upstream. The
natives were friendly and reported the death in 1539 of Estevanico (Esteban), of
bison to the east and of armed European men. August: Late August,
Herando de Alvarado marched eastward from Hawikuh pueblo (Zuni pueblo, New
Mexico) to Acoma, a pueblo atop a mesa, being one of the oldest continuously
inhabited towns in the United States. September 8: Herando de Alvarado
being part of the Coronado Expedition, discovered the Rio Grande, which he named
Rio de Nuestra. Senora. In the Upper Rio Grande Valley he visited the
pueblo adobe villages of Tiguex, surrounded by fertile cultivated fields.
He continued east to the Pecos River, the boundary between the Pueblo and Plains
People. He descended the Pecos and east along the Canadian River viewing
the immense herds of bison. He returned to Hawikuh pueblo, New Mexico
reporting to Francisco Vasquez de Coronado (1510-1554) of the tales of Quivira, a city of gold, likely Wichita,
Kansas. September 8: Under orders of the viceroy of New Spain, Francisco
de Bolanos (1st) with three ships from La Navidad, Mexico sailed up the coast to
explore Baja California's Pacific coast. He was in search of the legendary
Strait of Anian that linked the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. He sailed as
far north as Isla de Cedros and some credit him with naming the region
California. September 14: Hernando de
Alvardo (Alarcon) (1466-1541) for the second time ascended the Colorado River in
search of the Coronado Expedition. This time he pushed to the vicinity of
Fort Yuma (Yuma, Arizona) where he erected a cross which was later found by Francisco Vasquez de Coronado's (1510-1554) men. October:
Fernando De Soto arrived New Spain with 600 men, 24 ecclesiastics and 20
officers to cross the Blue Ridge in North Carolina to arrive the Mississippi by
1545. He encountered Tascalusa of the Alibamu at the town of Mabila on the
Alabama River in Alabama. De Soto threatened Tascalusa to persuade him to
provide men as slaves to carry his burdens. War broke out and 175 Spanish
and 2,500 of Tascalusa men died or were wounded. Others suggest; Fernando
(Hernando) De Soto's army scoured the country side looting and raping the women
with impunity. The Peublo Mabila War (Mobile Alabama) resulted in the
death of over 11,000 Indians. More than 2,500 men were laying round the
Pueblo, inside the Peublo 3,000 died by the sword. Fire consumed more than
3,500 souls in the houses. In one house 1,000 persons suffocated as fire
cut off their escape. Most were women. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado (1510-1554)
moved his headquarters from Granada aka Hawikuh to Tiguex near modern
Bernalillo, just north of Albuquerque, where they wintered. The winter of 1540-1541 was
severe in Tigues pueblo country north of Albuquerque, New Mexico and the Spanish
forcefully took clothing and food from the Pueblo People. The People
rebelled and Garcia Lopez de Cardenas made an example of the pueblo of Arenal,
by burning surrendering warriors alive at the stake. When he
returned to Spain, it is reported he was convicted of acts of cruelty towards
the American People and that he died in prison.
1541
Cartier again visited Hochelaga (Montreal) but is met with hostility
and immediately returned to Stadacona with the People in pursuit obviously
with hostile intentions. It is not surprising that Cartier made no
mention in his records of the current state of Hochelaga, he is now fearing
for his life. In fact Cartier did not maintain a record of that winter
probably as the realization of his actions of 1535 how pressed heavily
on his mind, just as the Iroquois hostility engulfed the men within the
stockade.
Fernando (Hernando) de Soto visited the Peoples village of Aquixo near St. Francis River,
Arkansas, near the west bank of the Mississippi River. The Peoples of the
lower Mississippi Valley are using cotton blankets. These are thought to
have been received in trade from Arizona and New Mexico likely the Hopi.
De Soto explored the Illinois and Indiana as far as Chicago.
The Quapaw (downsream) are those Sioux who followed the Mississippi and
Arkansas Rivers who encountered the Spanish this year.
Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza delegated Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo (d-1543)
to carry out Pedro de Alvarado (1486-1541) contract as a result of his
death. The contract is to explore the coast of California and northward in
search of new lands and the Strait of Anian, linking the Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans.
Francisco Pizarro (1476-1541) was assassinated in Peru after making enemies
among other Spaniards.
January 15: Jean Francois de la Rocque de Roberval (1500-1560) is appointed
the 1st Viceroy of Canada, Newfoundland and Labrador. He obtained
authorization to take a group of convicts to Canada.
January 15: Jacques Cartier (1491-1557) is ordered to penetrate
inland, put the lands into French possession, by means of friendship and
amicable agreement, or by force of arms, by living among the natives on
the pretext to facilitate the spread of Christian religion. He is provided
with five ships and an army of 1,500 men. Cartier however was made
subordinated to the Roberval's project. It is
of interest to note that no priests are allowed in New France until 1610
therefore the intentions are not as stated. Jacques Cartier
(1491-1557) however did establish a colony at Cap Rouge, fifteen kilometres
upriver from Stadacona with 150 French colonists, along with cattle and
supplies. They also broke ground and planted a crop. The fait of the
colony remains unknown but later reports suggest 35 were killed by the savages.
April 23: Francisco Vasquez de Coronado (1510-1554) marched east
towards Quivira down the Pecos River, across the Staked Plains. He ordered
his army back to the Rio Grande and went with 30 of his best mounted men north
for 42 days to Quivira on the Great Bend of the Arkansis River, a village of
Wichita Indians He sent out reconnoitering parties in all
directions.
June: Franciso Vasquez de Coronado (1510-1554) visited the Wichita a Pawnee People in Kansas this year who belonged
to the Caddoan confederacy. Tristan de Luna y Arrelano of Spain (part of
Coronado expedition) visited Alabama River and the Mobiles, Napochis and Tohomes
Peoples. Meanwhile during his absence the Spaniards committed various
atrocities against the Pueblo People of the Tiguex Pueblo, stealing their food,
and clothing, raping their women and burning captives alive. When Franciso
Vasquez de Coronado (1510-1554) upon his return joined in attacking the Tiguex
settlements; after destroying the pueblos, he enslaved the survivors,
effectively wiping out the Tiguex as a People. They all
returned vis the Santa Fe Trail to the Rio Grande.
A Spanard had raped the beautiful wife of a citizen in a village not far from
Tiguex. The complaint was not dealt with adequately so the citizens drove
off the Spanish horses in accordance with common law. The Spanish
attempted to retaliate and fighting went on for 2 days when finally the Peopled
sued for peace. A peace treaty was agreed to but Don Garcia Lopez de
Cardenas ordered 200 to be burnt at the stakes. The People to be burnt
upon hearing the news escaped and were cut down by the Spanish. A few
escaped to spread the word that the Spanards do not respect peace. Thus
started the Indo-Spanish War (1541-42). The People fought to the death as
they knew the Spanish did not honor, peace, friendship or their word which they
had pledged and broken.
August 23: The now infamous Jacques Cartier (1491-1557) returned to Stadacona. He lied to the inhabitants concerning
their captured spokes person saying they are alive and well having married and
are living in France. The young girl is returned as a gesture of
good will but the inhabitants remained cool and are bitterly opposed to
Cartier building a new stockade that he named Charlesbourg Royal. Seigneur
de Roberval is part of the Charter expedition.
August 26: Fernando (Hernando) de Soto departed Quiquate (Eldorado)
for the village of Coligua (Kaskaskia)
1542
Jean Francois de La Roberval (1500-1560) with two hundred
men and women convicts most from French prisons met Jacques Cartier (1491-1557) in St. John's harbor
June 8.
There are seventeen ships in the harbor at this time. Jacques Cartier
(1491-1557) had
significant losses as a result of scurvy and the Peoples attacks and is returning to France.
Roberval and Cartier broke into a heated argument. Roberval, Cartiers boss
ordered him back to Canada. Jacques Cartier (1491-1557) stole
away at night and sulked in deep depression back to France, a defeated
failed and broken man.
Roberval (1500-1560) wintered at Cap Rouge upriver from Stadacona with 200
settlers and suffered the same fate as Jacques Cartier (1491-1557), the St. Lawrence river is closed to the French. Roberval used the
lash freely on rebellious men and women who failed in their duty.
Michael Gaillon is hanged at Cap Rouge (Charlesbourg Royal) for theft.
Roberval pardoned Aussillon de Sauverterre, accused of murder. During the
winter 60 men died and several more were hanged and others were
imprisoned. The colony is a failure and Roberval returned in 1543 and is eventually
murdered in Paris. Some suggest this first French settlement failed
because of the religious wars in France between the Roman Catholics and
Protestants. Others suggest it failed because of Jacques Cartier
(1491-1557) who created poor relations with the savages. Jacques Cartier
(1491-1557) believed non-Christians had no land rights and were inferior to the
French. The French kidnapped people, violated territorial rights, lied,
cheated and were arrogant and antagonistic even when the People assisted them in
their time of need. The People found Roberval like Cartier not a
civilized person.
Despite this French failure thousands of Europeans continued to fish and
trade in the Saint Lawrence system. The Amaye People at Aguacay a large village on the Washita River
(Arkansas) are manufacturing and trading salt according to Fernando De Soto. Father
Padilla, Descalona was included in the expedition of Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
(1510-1554) this year and
Father Olmas was among the Peoples of Texas. Xagua a village of Chumashan in
Ventura County, California was active at this time. Zaco is a village of
Chumashan located on Miguel Island, California. Sebastian Moyano de Benalcazar
of Spain visited Nicaragua. Texas got its name from Tejas, the name of the
largest American-Indian settlement of this time in Tezas. January: (II)-Francisco
Montejo son (I)-Francisco Montejo (1479-1553) established Merida near the ruins
of the Mayan city of T-ho April: The Coronado
Expedition was in a full humiliating retreat to Mexico with a starving,
quarrelsome band of men. He didn't find the fabled seven cities of gold. April:
Frair Francisco Juan de Padilla, a Franciscan in Quivira remained in the country
and is executed. Frair June de la Crus also remained in the country and is
also executed. Andrew del Campo a Spanish-Portuguese escaped a long with a
Negro and a half-blood. The Franciscans who stayed behind were soon
killed by the People. The fabled Seven Cities of Gold are seven little
villages. May 21: Death, Herando
de Soto, Governor of Cuba, and Ruler of Florida, died not far from Lake Village,
Arkansas. May 5: Louis de Moscoso Alvarado succeed Soto and set out from
the Mississippi near its junction in southeastern Arkansas with the Arkansas
River in search of a land route to Mexico. They traveled southwest as far
as Trinity River in southwest Houston County in east Texas. Bad weather
forced them to retrace their steps, returning to the Mississippi River, their
starting point. They decided to go down the Mississippi River. June 27: Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo (d-1543) sailed from La
Navidad, Mexico with three small ships up the Pacific coast. August
10: Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo (d-1543) reached central Baja at Isla de
Cedros. September 28: Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo,
d-1543, anchored
his ship at San Miguel aka San Diego, California where he died. Before his
death he claimed California for Spain. September 28: Vasco
Nunez de Balboa (1475-1519) of Spainand Bartolome Ferrelo
charted the California and Oregon coasts. A vessel of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo
(d-1543) is abandoned in the San Miguel (San Diego) area at Point Loma. Others suggest they only
reached Alta, California and not into Oregon until 1543. October 18:
Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo (d-1543) sailed beyond Santa Barbara to Point
Conception. Some contend he reached either Monterey Bay or Drake's Bay at latitude
of 38 degrees.
1543
Between 1543 and 1600 the Montagnais Nation
continued trading with many private ships along the upper St. Lawrence
River.
Vasco
Nunez de Balboa (1475-1519) of Spain sailed to Eureka near the California/Oregon
area.
January 3: San Miguel Island off Santa Barbara, California, death Juan
Rodriguez Cabrillo. His chief pilot Bartolome Ferrelo (Ferrel or Ferrer)
took over the expedition and sailed north to the California-Oregon boarder at a
latitude of 41 or 42 degrees. They returned to La Navidad, Mexico by April
14, 1543.
May 27: Francisco Montejo nephew of (I)-Francisco Montejo (1479-1553)
established Valladolid.
July 2: Louis de Moscoso Alvarado released 500 native slaves after
building seven brigantines using the slave chains as nails. The 322
remaining Spanards of the original 600 who arrived with Soto started the journey
down the Mississippi River. They reached the mouth after 17 days of
constant harassment by the Americans. They followed the coast line and
discovered crude oil in a Texas cove. Of the original 600 on the
expedition only 310 reached Mexico.
1544
The Basques established a fishing village at Tadoussac, Quebec, at the mouth of the Saguenay River on the St. Lawrence River.
They also built houses and a fishery at Red Bay, Strait of Bella Island.
Maps produced by Jean Alfonse show the Great
Lake Piekouagami (Lake St. Jean) above Tadoussac, Quebec. It is noteworthy
that this lake was not again visited by Europeans until 1635.
Rats first showed up in North America this year.
Alarcon/Cabrillo describes a Chinese junk at anchor in the Gulf of
California, at Sante Catalina Island.
1545
Sayri Tupa Inca (1545-1558) is appointed
the rebel Inca ruler when still a young child.
1546
Maps from this period refer to Montreal
as Monte Real rather than Reale probably being influenced by Spanish or
Portuguese documents. The lands north of the Saint Lawrence are labeled
Canada.
It is believed that the Spanish introduced Typhus into Mexico about this time
and it swept north.
The Mayan war of 1546-1547 clearly demonstrated the Spanish dominion of the
Yucatan. 1547
All lands north of the St. Lawrence River are called Canada. 1549 Hernando
D'Escalante b-1536 survived a shipwreck off the coast of Florida. He lived
among the Calusa People until 1566. He recorded one Metis son. 1550 This
year began what was called the little ice age driving many of the People away
from agriculture in order to survive. The Little Ice Age is generally
listed as 1550 to 1850. There is not universal agreement on these
dates. Some suggest 1470 to 1520 was a cold period, 1620 to 1720 another
cold period and 1840 to 1890 the final cold period. Others suggest the
coldest periods of the Little Ice Age (1550-1850) are 1550-1620,
1680-1700. Antonio Galvao a Portuguese first proposed
creating the Panama Canal in a published book. Louis de Velasco is viceroy of
New Spain (1550-1564).
1551
Cartier with a crew of convicts returned and
built a fort called Charlesbourg Royal where Cap Rouge River empties into
the St. Lawrence river.
Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda of Spain is in Flordia (1551-1562) and was
held prisoner by the Calusas People. See 1549. 1553 Pedro de
Leon, (1518-1560), a Spanish chronicler, noted that when ever papas (potatoes) are eaten on
ships no one suffered from scurvy. 1554 An April storm in the Gulf
of Mexico drove three Spanish ships onto the Padrie Island, Texas. The
ships were San Esteban, Espiritu Santo, and Santa Maria de Yciar with about 300
people. Most of the passengers and crew died or were killed by the
natives. Spain was more concerned in recovering the gold in 1555 than the
people so its possible some were rescued and adopted into the native
population. 1555 It is
recorded that American corn is being grown in the Hunan Province of China. It must
have been obtain in trade from Europe or from the Zheng He expeditions of
1421. Some suggest it also spread to Sumatra and India about the same
time. 1556 Some suggest the
Spanish first named the Rocky Mountains as Sierra Nevadas this year. Spain
created a special court in Mexico to protect the rights of Native People.
Despite this, the People continued to be made slaves and continued to die by the
thousands at the hands of the conquerors.
1557
The Inca Imperial City creation story is first
recorded this year in New Spain:
Hanan-Cuzco (male) was founded by our King from above (the sky) and
Hurin-Cuzco (female) by our Queen from below (mother Earth). One did not
possess superiority over the other. Those of the King however are
considered as the Elders.
The Beothuk people are little prone to warfare
if their enemies do not search them out, then they defend themselves completely,
so reported Andre Thevet.
1558
Trinity, Newfoundland, the first permanent
settlers arrived aboard the brig Hawke, commanded by Robert Ward.
The following year Jean Alphonse de Saintonage claimed the Beothuk peoples
have no God than beasts and are evil folks. Andre Thevet heard reports
that they are extremely inhuman and intractable. If true this dramatic
change could only have occurred as a result of European contact.
The more likely story is that this is a covert rumor to justify any actions
against the Native peoples. The Natives would painfully learn that
before Europeans began their conquests they invariably must classify the
People as savage, uncivilized and heathen that justified any and all atrocities.
It is believed that the Spanish reintroduced smallpox along with influenza
about this year into the Mexico Region.
Titu Cusi rebel Inca ruler reigned (1558-1571) and dictated the Inca history.
September 3: Guido de Lavazares (Labazares Bazares) began, with three
ships, to survey the coast of the Gulf of Mexico from Rio de las Palms to the
tip of Florida for colonization locations. He sailed for Kingsville,
Texas, then on to Matagorda Bay that he called San Francisco Bay. He
sailed to the Mississippi Delta, went ashore and named the area Bahia de los
Bajos (Bay of Shoals). He then sailed to Alabama's Mobile Bay naming it
Bahia Filipina and noted the mouth of a large river. He then went on to
Chocatawhatchee Bay then on to Mexico.
1559
Jean Alphonse de Saintonage reported the Beothuk
people are large and somewhat dark. They have no more God than beasts
and are evil folks. Andre Thevet also heard they were extremely inhuman
and intractable according to cod fishermen.
1560
Some Americans place this as the date of formation
of the Iroquois confederacy or league of five nations in what is called
New York State. The Tuscarora became the sixth nation in 1722.
This did not prevent the Algonquian from displacing the Iroquois from the
St. Lawrence River system during this period. The Iroguois in 1660 speak of a great fight
between the Iroquois and Alkonkin during this century. The fight resulted in the near total
destruction of the Iroquois, so that even the mere name Alkonkin made them tremble. The
Dutch would later play on this humiliation to instigate war against the Wendat, French, and
eventually the Algonquian.
The Algonquins massacred nearly all the Iroquet warriors at Riviere Puante
and the rest of the tribe returned to the Algonquins.
Between 1560 to 1600 The Iroquois tribe of Agniers (Mohawks) was the one
chiefly at war with the Algonquins. The Algonquins gained the ascendancy
in every direction. The Iroquois tribe that held Montreal retired
westward. This was the Huron tribe that Champlain found in 1615 near Lake
Simcoe.
Groton, Connecticut, birth Sassacus one of the last Pequot chiefs is killed
by the Mohawks near New York June 1637. The settlers made war against him
in 1630.
A Midewiwin birch bark scroll was discovered at Burntside Lake in Quetice
Provincial Park, Ontrario. The birtch bark scroll are mnemonic and
ideographic and not phomonemic that is still common among more modern Ojibwa
Shaman.
1561
A Spanish ship reached Jamestown taking an
Algonquian speaking prisoner. He was baptized Don Luis de Velasco.
He would return in 1570 to Jamestown with a party of Jesuit.
Angel de Villafane b-1505 arrived the Pensacola Bay colony from
Mexico. With Gonzalo de Gayon as piolet he reached Punta Santa Elna, moved
on to Capr Fear, then on to Cape Lookout. He reported the Carolina coast
as sandy and unsuitable for colonization. An unofficial report of this
trip suggested Port Royal Sound would make an excellent harbor.
1562
A map by Italian Cartographer Faolo Forlani is believed to be the first known
map to label Canada as Canada. It also records the Arctic Ocean, Laborador
and Stadacone (later known as Quebec City) of the Iroquois
confederation.
Stono a tribe of the Edisto lived in Charleston, South Carolina and their
village was raided by the English to secure slaves.
Jean Ribault of France visited South Carolina and Florida visiting the
Cusabos, Saturiwas, Tacatacuras and Timucuas. May: Florida; The French
Huguenots settled Florida departing France February 18 and arrived Florida in
May. John Ribault had been commanded by the Queen of France to kidnap two
Indian slaves. Ribault noted that in the reign of Emperor Charles V
(1500-1558), the Spaniards, inhabitants of St. Domingo, raided the coast of
Florida for Indian slaves to work their mines. These slaves refused to eat
and most died before reaching New Spain. Only one survived and was named
Charles of Chigula. It was said of Emperor Charles V (1500-1558), that the
sun never sets on his dominion. The English would much later adopt this
saying.
1564
Rene de Laudonniere and Jacques le Moyne both of France
visited Florida (1564-1565). They alienated the Timucuas of Florida by
making treaty with their enemy. Spain discovered the French had built Fort
Caroline on the St. Jons River in Florida, New Spain. The Spanish king ordered Pedro Menendez to
wipe out the French Colony. The Spanish burnt the French Fort Caroline
and killed or drove off the Frenchmen, only 2 to 3 escaped by sea. Moyne lost most of his paintings
and reproduced them later from memory. The Spanish soldiers were told to
teach the savages Christianity but were given permission to steal from the
savages.
Andres de Urdaneta established the Manila galleon route between Acapulco and
the Philippines.
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INDIAN HISTORY
1565 - 1599
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